Ethnic and Gender Differences in 10-Year Coronary Heart Disease Risk: a Cross-Sectional Study in Hawai‘i

• Published in: Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities 2021-08, Vol.8 (4), p.943-952
• Main Authors: Ing, Claire Townsend, Ahn, Hyeong Jun, Kawakami, Rachel, Grandinetti, Andrew, Seto, Todd B., Kaholokula, Joseph Keawe’aimoku
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acculturation; Age; Blood pressure; Cardiovascular disease; Cardiovascular diseases; Chi-square test; Cholesterol; Clinical assessment; Coronary artery disease; Cross-sectional studies; Data analysis; Demographic variables; Demographics; Demography; Diabetes; Epidemiology; Ethnic differences; Ethnic factors; Ethnic groups; Ethnicity; Females; Gender aspects; Gender differences; Health research; Health risks; Heart; Heart diseases; High density lipoprotein; Hypertension; Lipoproteins; Males; Mathematical functions; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Mental depression; Minority & ethnic groups; Mortality; Pacific Islander people; Philippino; Pregnancy; Psychological aspects; Psychosocial factors; Quality of Life Research; Racial differences; Research projects; Risk assessment; Risk factors; Risk management; Sex differences; Social Inequality; Social interactions; Social Structure; Social support; Sociodemographics; Southeast Asian cultural groups; Stroke; Variance analysis
• ISSN: 2197-3792; 2196-8837
• DOI: 10.1007/s40615-020-00851-2

Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the US. In Hawai‘i, Filipinos and Native Hawaiians have the highest rates of CVD-related risk factors. CVD risk across these ethnic groups has not been examined. This cross-sectional study examines 10-year CVD risk as determined by the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) across ethnic groups in Hawai‘i, controlling for clinical, demographic, and psychosocial factors. Methods This study includes secondary data analysis of the Kohala Health Research Project dataset. All non-pregnant adults (≥ 18 years of age) who resided in the community of interest during the study period were eligible to participate with 1462 participants completing the clinical examination and surveys. This analysis included clinical, demographic, and psychosocial variables. Ethnic differences were examined using the chi-squared test and one-way ANOVA. Multiple linear regression on FRS was conducted and least square means of FRS were calculated. Results Data from 1146 individuals were analyzed. Participants were 44.4% Native Hawaiian, 15.4% Filipino, 15.3% Japanese, and 25% non-Hispanic White; 55.4% were female and had a mean age of 48.8 years. For males, the unadjusted Japanese mean FRS was significantly higher compared with the other ethnic groups. For females, Filipino and Japanese mean FRS were significantly higher compared with Native Hawaiians and non-Hispanic Whites. In the fully adjusted model, there were no ethnic group differences in FRS among males and Filipinos had significantly higher FRS compared with non-Hispanic White among females. Conclusions This cross-sectional community-based epidemiological study examined ethnic differences in CVD risk after adjusting for age, depression, social support, and acculturation. The results suggest that some ethnic differences in CVD risk persist even after controlling for confounders but that recalibration of risk assessment is necessary.