Multiple adjoining word- and face-selective regions in ventral temporal cortex exhibit distinct dynamics

• Published in: The Journal of neuroscience 2021-07, Vol.41 (29), p.6314-6327
• Main Authors: Boring, Matthew J, Silson, Edward H, Ward, Michael J, Richardson, R Mark, Fiez, Julie A, Baker, Chris I, Ghuman, Avniel Singh
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Circuits; Constraint modelling; Cortex (temporal); Face; Functional magnetic resonance imaging; Hemispheres; Hemispheric laterality; Information processing; Latency; Object recognition; Organizational aspects; Pattern recognition; Response bias; Selectivity; Visual field; Visual fields
• ISSN: 0270-6474; 1529-2401
• DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3234-20.2021

The map of category-selectivity in human ventral temporal cortex (VTC) provides organizational constraints to models of object recognition. One important principle is lateral-medial response biases to stimuli that are typically viewed in the center or periphery of the visual field. However, little is known about the relative temporal dynamics and location of regions that respond preferentially to stimulus classes that are centrally viewed, like the face- and word-processing networks. Here, word- and face-selective regions within VTC were mapped using intracranial recordings from 36 patients. Partially overlapping, but also anatomically dissociable patches of face- and word-selectivity were found in VTC. In addition to canonical word-selective regions along the left posterior occipitotemporal sulcus, selectivity was also located medial and anterior to face-selective regions on the fusiform gyrus at the group level and within individual male and female subjects. These regions were replicated using 7 Tesla fMRI in healthy subjects. Left hemisphere word-selective regions preceded right hemisphere responses by 125 ms, potentially reflecting the left hemisphere bias for language; with no hemispheric difference in face-selective response latency. Word-selective regions along the posterior fusiform responded first, then spread medially and laterally, then anteriorally. Face-selective responses were first seen in posterior fusiform regions bilaterally, then proceeded anteriorally from there. For both words and faces, the relative delay between regions was longer than would be predicted by purely feedforward models of visual processing. The distinct time-courses of responses across these regions, and between hemispheres, suggest a complex and dynamic functional circuit supports face and word perception. Representations of visual objects in the human brain have been shown to be organized by several principles, including whether those objects tend to be viewed centrally or peripherally in the visual field. However, it remains unclear how regions that process objects that are viewed centrally, like words and faces, are organized relative to one another. Here, invasive and non-invasive neuroimaging suggests there is a mosaic of regions in ventral temporal cortex that respond selectively to either words or faces. These regions display differences in the strength and timing of their responses, both within and between brain hemispheres, suggesting they play different roles