Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in NSCLC Immune Navigation and Proliferation

With over a million deaths every year around the world, lung cancer is found to be the most recurrent cancer among all types. Nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) amounts to about 85% of the entire cases. The other 15% owes it to small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). Despite decades of research, the pro...

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Published in:Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 2021, Vol.2021 (1), p.5563746-5563746
Main Authors: Ramachandran, Sowmya, Verma, Amit K., Dev, Kapil, Goyal, Yamini, Bhatt, Deepti, Alsahli, Mohammed A., Rahmani, Arshad Husain, Almatroudi, Ahmad, Almatroodi, Saleh A., Alrumaihi, Faris, Khan, Naushad Ahmad
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Antigens
Asymptomatic
Cancer therapies
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung - immunology
Cell Proliferation
Chemokines
Chemokines - metabolism
Chemotherapy
Clinical medicine
Cytokines
Cytokines - metabolism
Dendritic cells
Extracellular vesicles
Humans
Immune system
Inflammation
Kinases
Lung cancer
Lung Neoplasms - immunology
Lymphocytes
Medical prognosis
Metastasis
Mortality
Mutation
Prostate
Radiation therapy
Review
Tumor Microenvironment
Tumors
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Summary:With over a million deaths every year around the world, lung cancer is found to be the most recurrent cancer among all types. Nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) amounts to about 85% of the entire cases. The other 15% owes it to small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). Despite decades of research, the prognosis for NSCLC patients is poorly understood with treatment options limited. First, this article emphasises on the part that tumour microenvironment (TME) and its constituents play in lung cancer progression. This review also highlights the inflammatory (pro- or anti-) roles of different cytokines (ILs, TGF-β, and TNF-α) and chemokine (CC, CXC, C, and CX3C) families in the lung TME, provoking tumour growth and subsequent metastasis. The write-up also pinpoints recent developments in the field of chemokine biology. Additionally, it covers the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs), as alternate carriers of cytokines and chemokines. This allows the cytokines/chemokines to modulate the EVs for their secretion, trafficking, and aid in cancer proliferation. In the end, this review also stresses on the role of these factors as prognostic biomarkers for lung immunotherapy, apart from focusing on inflammatory actions of these chemoattractants.
ISSN:1942-0900
1942-0994
DOI:10.1155/2021/5563746