Racial disparities in intensity of smoke exposure and nicotine intake among low-dependence smokers

• Published in: Drug and alcohol dependence 2021-04, Vol.221, p.108641-108641, Article 108641
• Main Authors: Ho, Jolie T.K., Tyndale, Rachel F., Baker, Timothy B., Amos, Christopher I., Chiu, Ami, Smock, Nina, Chen, Jingling, Bierut, Laura J., Chen, Li-Shiun
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; African Americans - ethnology; Black people; Carbon monoxide; Carbon Monoxide - analysis; Cigarette Smoking - blood; Cigarette Smoking - ethnology; Cigarettes; Cotinine; Cotinine - blood; Drug dependence; Exposure; Female; Health risks; Humans; Inequality; Male; Middle Aged; Nicotine; Nicotine - administration & dosage; Nicotine - analysis; Nicotine intake; Race; Race factors; Race Factors - trends; Racial differences; Racial disparities; Racial inequality; Risk analysis; Smoke; Smoke exposure; Smoke inhalation; Smoking; Smoking intensity; Tobacco; Tobacco dependence; Tobacco smoke; Tobacco Smoke Pollution - analysis; Tobacco Use Disorder - blood; Tobacco Use Disorder - diagnosis; Tobacco Use Disorder - ethnology; Whites - ethnology
• ISSN: 0376-8716; 1879-0046
• DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108641

•Black smokers have higher disease risk despite smoking fewer cigarettes per day.•Biomarkers of smoke exposure and nicotine intake may more accurately reflect risk.•Dependence relates to biomarkers differently in Black vs. white smokers.•Biomarkers measured as intensity per cigarette may help explain differences.•Low-dependence Black smokers had higher incremental risk per cigarette than whites. Compared to white smokers, Black smokers are at disproportionately higher risk for smoking-related disease, despite consuming fewer cigarettes per day (CPD). To examine racial disparities in biobehavioral influences on smoking and disease risk, we analyzed the relationship between self-reported tobacco dependence and intensity of tobacco smoke exposure per cigarette, on the one hand, and intensity of nicotine intake per cigarette, on the other. In 270 Black and 516 white smokers, smoke exposure was measured by expired carbon monoxide (CO), and nicotine intake was measured by plasma cotinine (COT) and cotinine+3′-hydroxycotinine ([COT + 3HC]). Using linear regression analyses, we analyzed how the Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD) predicted intensity of smoke exposure per cigarette (CO/CPD) and intensity of nicotine intake per cigarette (COT/CPD; [COT + 3HC]/CPD), and how race moderated these relations. Overall, Black smokers consumed fewer CPD than white smokers and had higher levels of CO/CPD, COT/CPD, and [COT + 3HC]/CPD. These elevations were most pronounced at lower levels of dependence: amongst Black smokers, FTCD negatively predicted intensity of smoke exposure as measured by CO/CPD (B = −0.12, 95% CI = −0.18, −0.05, p = 0.0003) and intensity of nicotine intake as measured by [COT + 3HC]/CPD (B = −1.31, 95% CI = −2.15, −0.46, p = 0.002). Low-dependence Black smokers had higher intensities of both smoke exposure and nicotine intake per cigarette compared to similarly dependent white smokers, suggesting that measures of dependence, exposure, and intake underestimate incremental risk of each cigarette to Black smokers.