A review of acquired blepharoptosis: prevalence, diagnosis, and current treatment options

Blepharoptosis (ptosis) is among the most common disorders of the upper eyelid encountered in both optometric and ophthalmic practice. The unilateral or bilateral drooping of the upper eyelid that characterises ptosis can affect appearance and impair visual function, both of which can negatively imp...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Eye (London) 2021-09, Vol.35 (9), p.2468-2481
Main Authors: Bacharach, Jason, Lee, Wendy W., Harrison, Andrew R., Freddo, Thomas F.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
692/699/3161/3166
692/700/565/1436
692/700/565/545
Anxiety
Congenital diseases
Differential diagnosis
Eyelid
Field study
Laboratory Medicine
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Ophthalmology
Patients
Pharmaceutical Sciences/Technology
Quality of life
Review
Review Article
Surgery
Surgical Oncology
Visual perception
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Description
Summary:Blepharoptosis (ptosis) is among the most common disorders of the upper eyelid encountered in both optometric and ophthalmic practice. The unilateral or bilateral drooping of the upper eyelid that characterises ptosis can affect appearance and impair visual function, both of which can negatively impact quality of life. While there are several known forms of congenital ptosis, acquired ptosis (appearing later in life, due to a variety of causes) is the predominant form of the condition. This review summarises the prevalence, causes, identification, differential diagnosis, and treatment of acquired ptosis. Particular attention is paid to the differential diagnosis of acquired ptosis and emerging treatment options, including surgical and pharmacologic approaches.
ISSN:0950-222X
1476-5454
DOI:10.1038/s41433-021-01547-5