SARS-CoV-2: Understanding the Transcriptional Regulation of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and the Role of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) at Codon 72 of p53 in the Innate Immune Response against Virus Infection

Human ACE2 and the serine protease TMPRSS2 of novel SARS-CoV-2 are primary entry receptors in host cells. Expression of these genes at the transcriptional level has not been much discussed in detail. The ISRE elements of the ACE2 promoter are a binding site for the ISGF3 complex of the JAK/STAT sign...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of molecular sciences 2021-08, Vol.22 (16), p.8660
Main Authors: Lodhi, Niraj, Singh, Rubi, Rajput, Satya, Saquib, Quaiser
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
ACE2
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
Antisense therapy
Bioengineering
Coronaviruses
COVID-19
CRISPR
Gene expression
Gene regulation
Immune response
Immune system
Innate immunity
Interferon
Mortality
Nucleotides
p53 Protein
Phages
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase
Polymorphism
Review
Serine proteinase
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Signal transduction
Single-nucleotide polymorphism
Stat1 protein
Stat2 protein
Transcription
Viruses
β-Interferon
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Summary:Human ACE2 and the serine protease TMPRSS2 of novel SARS-CoV-2 are primary entry receptors in host cells. Expression of these genes at the transcriptional level has not been much discussed in detail. The ISRE elements of the ACE2 promoter are a binding site for the ISGF3 complex of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. TMPRSS2, including IFNβ, STAT1, and STAT2, has the PARP1 binding site near to TSS either up or downstream promoter region. It is well documented that PARP1 regulates gene expression at the transcription level. Therefore, to curb virus infection, both promoting type I IFN signaling to boost innate immunity and prevention of virus entry by inhibiting PARP1, ACE2 or TMPRSS2 are safe options. Most importantly, our aim is to attract the attention of the global scientific community towards the codon 72 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) of p53 and its underneath role in the innate immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we discuss codon 72 SNP of human p53′s role in the different innate immune response to restrict virus-mediated mortality rate only in specific parts of the world. In addition, we discuss potential targets and emerging therapies using bioengineered bacteriophage, anti-sense, or CRISPR strategies.
ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms22168660