Differences between Obese and Non-Obese Children and Adolescents Regarding Their Oral Status and Blood Markers of Kidney Diseases

• Published in: Journal of clinical medicine 2021-08, Vol.10 (16), p.3723
• Main Authors: Maćkowiak-Lewandowicz, Katarzyna, Ostalska-Nowicka, Danuta, Zachwieja, Jacek, Paszyńska, Elżbieta
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biopsy; Blood pressure; Cholesterol; Clinical medicine; Dental caries; Dental plaque; Hospitalization; Hypertension; Inflammation; Kidneys; Laboratories; Lipids; Metabolism; Nephrology; Normal distribution; Obesity; Oxidative stress; Pediatrics; Proteins; Teenagers; Teeth; Triglycerides; Ultrasonic imaging; Urine
• ISSN: 2077-0383; 2077-0383
• DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163723

(1) Background: A rarely discussed effect of obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG) may slowly lead to irreversible glomerular damage and the development of chronic kidney disease. These patients need to undertake medical care, but whether they should be included in intensive oral care is still not mandatory. The study aimed to assess a relationship between renal, metabolic, and oral health indicators among pediatric patients affected by simple obesity. (2) Methods: 45 children and adolescents with simple obesity hospitalized (BMI 34.1 ± 4.8 kg/m2, age 15.4 ± 2.3) and compared with 41 aged-matched healthy controls (BMI 16.4 ± 2.4 kg/m2, age 15.4 ± 2.7). Echocardiography, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, ultrasound exam with Doppler, and laboratory tests including kidney and metabolic markers were performed. Oral status was examined regarding the occurrence of carious lesions using decay missing filling teeth (DMFT), gingivitis as bleeding on probing (BOP), and bacterial colonization as plaque control record (PCR). (3) Results: The strongest correlation was revealed between BMI and concentration of uric acid, cystatin C, GFR estimated by the Filler formula (r = 0.74; r = 0.48; r = −0.52), and between oral variables such as PCR and BOP (r = 0.54; r = 0.58). Children and adolescents with obesity demonstrated untreated dental caries, less efficient in plaque control and gingivitis. (4) Conclusions: No specific relation to markers of kidney disease were found; however, more frequent gingivitis/bacterial colonization and significant differences in oral status between obese and non-obese patients were revealed. Susceptibility to inflammation may be conducive to developing metabolic syndrome and kidney damage in the form of obesity-related glomerulopathy and contribute to future dental caries. Uric acid seems to indicate metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular complications (LVMI > 95 percentiles). Cystatin C and uric acid might aspire to be early markers of kidney damage leading to obesity-related glomerulopathy.