HIV Stigma, Homophobia, Sexual and Gender Minority Community Connectedness and HIV Testing Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men and Transgender People Who Have Sex with Men in Kazakhstan

Although HIV incidence is rising among gay, bisexual, and other men (MSM) and transgender people who have sex with men (TSM) in Kazakhstan, whether stigmatizing attitudes and connectedness are associated with HIV testing in this region is not known. We analyzed data from one-time interviews with 304...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:AIDS and behavior 2021-08, Vol.25 (8), p.2568-2577
Main Authors: Paine, Emily Allen, Lee, Yong Gun, Vinogradov, Vitaliy, Zhakupova, Gulnara, Hunt, Timothy, Primbetova, Sholpan, Terlikbayeva, Assel, El-Bassel, Nabila, Wu, Elwin
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adult
Attitudes
Bisexuality
Gays & lesbians
Gender
Health behavior
Health Psychology
HIV
HIV Infections - diagnosis
HIV Testing
Homophobia
Homosexuality
Homosexuality, Male
Human immunodeficiency virus
Humans
Infectious Diseases
Kazakhstan
Male
Medical tests
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Men
Men who have sex with men
Mens health
Minority & ethnic groups
Original Paper
Public Health
Sex
Sexual and Gender Minorities
Sexual Behavior
Sexually transmitted diseases
Social Stigma
STD
Stigma
Transgender Persons
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Summary:Although HIV incidence is rising among gay, bisexual, and other men (MSM) and transgender people who have sex with men (TSM) in Kazakhstan, whether stigmatizing attitudes and connectedness are associated with HIV testing in this region is not known. We analyzed data from one-time interviews with 304 adult MSM and TSM conducted 2018–2019 in three cities in Kazakhstan. Logistic regression determined whether HIV stigma, internalized homophobia, sexual and gender minority (SGM) connectedness predicted HIV testing (within the lifetime, past year, and past 6 months) before and after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics. 80% of participants reported ever receiving an HIV test. Gay-identified participants reported less HIV stigma and internalized homophobia as well as greater connectedness relative to those with bisexual or other identities. In adjusted models, those who had ever tested reported lower HIV stigma (aOR 0.83, 95% CI 0.76–0.91, P  
ISSN:1090-7165
1573-3254
DOI:10.1007/s10461-021-03217-9