Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Calcium Magnesium Phosphate Cement Pastes for Degradable Bone Implants

This study aimed to develop printable calcium magnesium phosphate pastes that harden by immersion in ammonium phosphate solution post-printing. Besides the main mineral compound, biocompatible ceramic, magnesium oxide and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) were the crucial components. Two pastes wi...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Materials 2021-09, Vol.14 (18), p.5197
Main Authors: Götz, Lisa-Marie, Holeczek, Katharina, Groll, Jürgen, Jüngst, Tomasz, Gbureck, Uwe
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
3-D printers
Ammonium phosphates
Biocompatibility
Calcium
Calcium phosphates
Cement
Cement paste
Dimensional stability
Experiments
Extrusion
Hydroxyapatite
Magnesium hydroxide
Magnesium oxide
Magnesium phosphate
Mechanical properties
Pore size
Rheological properties
Rheology
Scaffolds
Setting (hardening)
Superconductors (materials)
Three dimensional printing
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Summary:This study aimed to develop printable calcium magnesium phosphate pastes that harden by immersion in ammonium phosphate solution post-printing. Besides the main mineral compound, biocompatible ceramic, magnesium oxide and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) were the crucial components. Two pastes with different powder to liquid ratios of 1.35 g/mL and 1.93 g/mL were characterized regarding their rheological properties. Here, ageing over the course of 24 h showed an increase in viscosity and extrusion force, which was attributed to structural changes in HPMC as well as the formation of magnesium hydroxide by hydration of MgO. The pastes enabled printing of porous scaffolds with good dimensional stability and enabled a setting reaction to struvite when immersed in ammonium phosphate solution. Mechanical performance under compression was approx. 8–20 MPa as a monolithic structure and 1.6–3.0 MPa for printed macroporous scaffolds, depending on parameters such as powder to liquid ratio, ageing time, strand thickness and distance.
ISSN:1996-1944
1996-1944
DOI:10.3390/ma14185197