Gene introduction approaches in chloroplast transformation and its applications

Background Chloroplast is a type of plastid that is believed to be originated from ancestral cyanobacteria. Chloroplast besides being a major component for photosynthesis, also takes part in another major plant metabolism, making it one of the major components of plants. Main body Chloroplast transf...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 2021-10, Vol.19 (1), p.148-10, Article 148
Main Authors: Kumar, Asqwin Uthaya, Ling, Anna Pick Kiong
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Antibiotics
Biolistic
biolistics
Biotechnology
Carbon nanotubes
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts
Cyanobacteria
Design
Drug resistance
environmental science
Gene expression
Genes
Genetic engineering
Genetic transformation
Genetically modified organisms
Genomes
Genomics
Metabolism
Metabolites
Methods
Microbeams
Nanotubes
nuclear genome
Nuclear transformations
PEG-mediated
Photosynthesis
Physiological aspects
Phytoremediation
Plastids
Proteins
Review
Transformation
Vaccine
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Summary:Background Chloroplast is a type of plastid that is believed to be originated from ancestral cyanobacteria. Chloroplast besides being a major component for photosynthesis, also takes part in another major plant metabolism, making it one of the major components of plants. Main body Chloroplast transformation is an alternative and better genetic engineering approach compared to the nuclear transformation that has been widely applied in plant genetic engineering. Chloroplast transformation has exhibited various positive effects as compared to nuclear transformation. This is a more preferred technique by researchers. To carry out chloroplast transformation, the vector design must be performed, and a selectable marker needs to be incorporated before the chloroplast could uptake the construct. The common way of introducing a gene into the host, which is the chloroplast, involves the biolistic, PEG-mediated, carbon nanotubes carriers, UV-laser microbeam, and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation approaches. Apart from discussing the processes involved in introducing the gene into the chloroplast, this review also focuses on the various applications brought about by chloroplast transformation, particularly in the field of agriculture and environmental science. Conclusion Chloroplast transformation has shown a lot of advantages and proven to be a better alternative compared to nuclear genome transformation. Further studies must be conducted to uncover new knowledge regarding chloroplast transformation as well as to discover its additional applications in the fields of biotechnology.
ISSN:1687-157X
2090-5920
DOI:10.1186/s43141-021-00255-7