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Ecological diversification reveals routes of pathogen emergence in endemic Vibrio vulnificus populations

Pathogen emergence is a complex phenomenon that, despite its public health relevance, remains poorly understood. Vibrio vulnificus, an emergent human pathogen, can cause a deadly septicaemia with over 50% mortality rate. To date, the ecological drivers that lead to the emergence of clinical strains...

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Published in:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS 2021-10, Vol.118 (40), p.1-12
Main Authors: López-Pérez, Mario, Jayakumar, Jane M., Grant, Trudy-Ann, Zaragoza-Solas, Asier, Cabello-Yeves, Pedro J., Almagro-Moreno, Salvador
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description Pathogen emergence is a complex phenomenon that, despite its public health relevance, remains poorly understood. Vibrio vulnificus, an emergent human pathogen, can cause a deadly septicaemia with over 50% mortality rate. To date, the ecological drivers that lead to the emergence of clinical strains and the unique genetic traits that allow these clones to colonize the human host remain mostly unknown. We recently surveyed a large estuary in eastern Florida, where outbreaks of the disease frequently occur, and found endemic populations of the bacterium. We established two sampling sites and observed strong correlations between location and pathogenic potential. One site is significantly enriched with strains that belong to one phylogenomic cluster (C1) in which the majority of clinical strains belong. Interestingly, strains isolated from this site exhibit phenotypic traits associated with clinical outcomes, whereas strains from the second site belong to a cluster that rarely causes disease in humans (C2). Analyses of C1 genomes indicate unique genetic markers in the form of clinical-associated alleles with a potential role in virulence. Finally, metagenomic and physicochemical analyses of the sampling sites indicate that this marked cluster distribution and genetic traits are strongly associated with distinct biotic and abiotic factors (e.g., salinity, nutrients, or biodiversity), revealing how ecosystems generate selective pressures that facilitate the emergence of specific strains with pathogenic potential in a population. This knowledge can be applied to assess the risk of pathogen emergence from environmental sources and integrated toward the development of novel strategies for the prevention of future outbreaks.
doi_str_mv 10.1073/pnas.2103470118
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subjects Abiotic factors
Animals
Bacteria
Biodiversity
Biological Sciences
Clusters
Ecosystem
Endemic Diseases
Estuaries
Florida
Genetic markers
Genetic Markers - genetics
Genomes
Humans
Metagenomics
Nutrients
Ostreidae - microbiology
Outbreaks
Pathogens
Phenotype
Phylogeny
Physicochemical analysis
Populations
Public health
Risk assessment
Sampling
Vibrio Infections - microbiology
Vibrio vulnificus
Vibrio vulnificus - genetics
Vibrio vulnificus - pathogenicity
Virulence
Virulence - genetics
title Ecological diversification reveals routes of pathogen emergence in endemic Vibrio vulnificus populations
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