The effect of the menstrual cycle and hyperglycaemia on hormonal and metabolic responses during exercise

• Published in: European journal of applied physiology 2021-11, Vol.121 (11), p.2993-3003
• Main Authors: Hulton, A. T., Malone, J. J., Campbell, I. T., MacLaren, D. P. M.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Blood glucose; Estrogens; Exercise; Exercise - physiology; Female; Glucose; Glucose - administration & dosage; Hormones; Hormones - metabolism; Human Physiology; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Hyperglycemia - physiopathology; Menstrual cycle; Menstrual Cycle - physiology; Menstruation; Metabolic response; Metabolism; Metabolites; Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine; Original; Original Article; Ovaries; Oxidation; Oxygen Consumption - physiology; Progesterone; Sports Medicine; Young Adult
• ISSN: 1439-6319; 1439-6327
• DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04754-w

Purpose Variations in substrate metabolism have been identified in women during continuous steady-state aerobic exercise performed at the same relative intensity throughout discrete phases of the menstrual cycle, although some evidence exists that this is abolished when carbohydrate is ingested. This investigation examined the effects of a supraphysiologic exogenous glucose infusion protocol, administered during two phases of the menstrual cycle (follicular and luteal) in eumenorrheic women to identify differences between metabolic, hormonal and substrate oxidative responses. Methods During the experimental conditions, blood glucose was infused intravenously at rates to “clamp” blood glucose at 10 mM in seven healthy females (age 20 ± 1 y, mass 55.0 ± 4.1 kg, V ˙ O 2 p e a k 40.0 ± 1.8 ml/kg/min). Following 30 min of seated rest, participants exercised on a cycle ergometer for 90 min at 60% V ˙ O 2 p e a k . During the rest period and throughout exercise, blood metabolites and hormones were collected at regular intervals, in addition to expired air for the measurement of substrate oxidation. Results Significant differences between ovarian hormones and menstrual phase were identified, with estrogen significantly higher during the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase (213.28 ± 30.70 pmol/l vs 103.86 ± 13.85 pmol/l; p =  0.016), and for progesterone (14.23 ± 4.88 vs 2.11 ± 0.36 nmol/l; p =  0.042). However, no further significance was identified in any of the hormonal, metabolite or substrate utilisation patterns between phases. Conclusion These data demonstrate that the infusion of a supraphysiological glucose dose curtails any likely metabolic influence employed by the fluctuation of ovarian hormones in eumenorrheic women during moderate exercise.