Correlation of Country Characteristics and Government Response Measures With COVID-19 Mortality During the First Phase of the Global COVID-19 Pandemic: A Worldwide Ecological Study

• Published in: Curēus (Palo Alto, CA) CA), 2021-10, Vol.13 (10), p.e18689-e18689
• Main Authors: Mitrev, Ludmil V, Banerjee, Annesha, Van Helmond, Noud
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Coronaviruses; Correlation coefficient; COVID-19; Ecological studies; Education; Environmental quality; Epidemiology/Public Health; Equator; GDP; Gross Domestic Product; Infectious Disease; Mortality; Pandemics; Public Health; Socioeconomics; Wellness
• ISSN: 2168-8184; 2168-8184
• DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18689

IntroductionIt is valuable to know if country demographic, educational, healthcare and other socioeconomic factors were correlated with the COVID-19 mortality rate during the initial phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide pandemic (January 1st - August 31st, 2020). Similarly, it is worthwhile understanding whether a country’s geographic location or the measures instituted by governments, such as lockdowns and mask-wearing, were associated with an increased or decreased mortality rate.Materials and methodsTo assess these correlations, we conducted an ecologic study of 178 countries using time-matched data from the Social Progress Index (www.socialprogress.org, produced by the Social Progress Imperative), population data from the World Bank (data.worldbank.org), government response indices from Our World In Data (ourworldindata.org/policy-responses-covid), and COVID-19 mortality data from the Johns Hopkins University CSSE COVID-19 Data repository (github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19), accessed on November 22nd, 2020. Pearson correlation coefficients were derived between potential predictors and countries’ COVID-19 population-adjusted crude mortality rates. Select variables were entered in a multivariable regression model. Countries with no data in the social progress index database or those with no COVID-19 cases were excluded (20 in total). ResultsThe highest positive correlations were found between the proportion of the population older than 75 (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.321), country distance from the equator (0.267), gross domestic product per capita (0.218), health and wellness score (0.388), water and sanitation score (0.384), environmental quality (0.237), and the days between the first reported COVID-19 case and the initial government response (0.238). A previously unreported and unexpected negative correlation was found between gender parity in secondary education attainment and COVID-19 mortality (-0.290). Peak mask-wearing ranging from ‘recommended’ to ‘required outside the home at all times was extremely weakly correlated with lower COVID-19 mortality (-0.046).ConclusionsCrude COVID-19 mortality rates during the first phase of the pandemic in 2020, during which no vaccine or specific treatment was available, were higher in wealthier countries that were further away from the equator and had a higher health and wellness score according to the Social Progress Imperative. They were also higher the longer governments delayed