RNA regulatory mechanisms that control antiviral innate immunity

From the initial sensing of viral nucleotides by pattern recognition receptors, through the induction of type I and III interferons (IFN), upregulation of antiviral effector proteins, and resolution of the inflammatory response, each step of innate immune signaling is under tight control. Though inn...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Immunological reviews 2021-11, Vol.304 (1), p.77-96
Main Authors: Gokhale, Nandan S., Smith, Julian R., Van Gelder, Rachel D., Savan, Ram
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Alternative splicing
antiviral immunity
Antiviral Restriction Factors - immunology
Control stability
Genetic diversity
Humans
Immune response
Immune system
Immunity
Immunity, Innate
Inflammation
Inflammatory response
Innate immunity
Interferon
Interferons
mRNA stability
non‐coding RNAs
Nucleotides
Pathogenesis
Pattern recognition
Pattern recognition receptors
post‐transcriptional regulation
Proteins
Receptors
Receptors, Pattern Recognition - genetics
Regulatory mechanisms (biology)
Ribonucleic acid
RNA
RNA biology
RNA, Viral - genetics
RNA-binding protein
RNA‐binding proteins
Signaling
Transcription
Virus Diseases - immunology
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Summary:From the initial sensing of viral nucleotides by pattern recognition receptors, through the induction of type I and III interferons (IFN), upregulation of antiviral effector proteins, and resolution of the inflammatory response, each step of innate immune signaling is under tight control. Though innate immunity is often associated with broad regulation at the level of gene transcription, RNA‐centric post‐transcriptional processes have emerged as critical mechanisms for ensuring a proper antiviral response. Here, we explore the diverse RNA regulatory mechanisms that modulate the innate antiviral immune response, with a focus on RNA sensing by RIG‐I‐like receptors (RLR), interferon (IFN) and IFN signaling pathways, viral pathogenesis, and host genetic variation that contributes to these processes. We address the post‐transcriptional interactions with RNA‐binding proteins, non‐coding RNAs, transcript elements, and modifications that control mRNA stability, as well as alternative splicing events that modulate the innate immune antiviral response.
ISSN:0105-2896
1600-065X
DOI:10.1111/imr.13019