Impact of Environment, Life Expectancy and Real GDP per Capita on Health Expenditures: Evidence from the EU Member States

This research explores the impact of environment, life expectancy, and real GDP per capita on health expenditures in a sample of 27 EU member states over the 2000-2018 period through causality and cointegration analyses. The causality analysis revealed a significant unilateral causality from variabl...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of environmental research and public health 2021-12, Vol.18 (24), p.13176
Main Authors: Bayar, Yilmaz, Gavriletea, Marius Dan, Pintea, Mirela Oana, Sechel, Ioana Cristina
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Carbon dioxide
Causality
Cointegration analysis
Economic growth
Emissions
Environmental quality
Expenditures
GDP
Generalized method of moments
Greenhouse effect
Greenhouse Gases
Gross Domestic Product
Health care expenditures
Health care policy
Health Expenditures
Life Expectancy
Life span
Literature reviews
Per capita
Population
Public health
Sustainable development
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Summary:This research explores the impact of environment, life expectancy, and real GDP per capita on health expenditures in a sample of 27 EU member states over the 2000-2018 period through causality and cointegration analyses. The causality analysis revealed a significant unilateral causality from variables of greenhouse gas emissions, life expectancy, and real GDP per capita to health expenditures. In other words, greenhouse gas emissions, life expectancy, and real GDP per capita had a significant impact on health expenditures in the short run. The cointegration analysis indicated that life expectancy and real GDP per capita had a significant positive impact on health expenditures at the overall panel. On the other side, the country level cointegration coefficients revealed that life expectancy had a considerable positive impact on health expenditures, real GDP per capita had a moderate positive impact on the health expenditures in most of the countries in the panel, but the environment proxied by greenhouse gas emissions had a low positive or negative impact on the health expenditures in a limited number of countries.
ISSN:1660-4601
1661-7827
1660-4601
DOI:10.3390/ijerph182413176