Physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of Linum album to digested cell wall of Piriformospora indica

• Published in: Physiology and molecular biology of plants 2021-12, Vol.27 (12), p.2695-2708
• Main Authors: Tashackori, Hannaneh, Sharifi, Mohsen, Ahmadian Chashmi, Najmeh, Behmanesh, Mehrdad, Safaie, Naser, Sagharyan, Mostafa
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Amino acids; Antioxidants; Biological and Medical Physics; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biophysics; Catechin; Cell Biology; Cell walls; Daidzein; Developmental stages; Enzymatic activity; Enzymes; Flavonoids; Gene expression; Hairy root; High-performance liquid chromatography; Hydrogen peroxide; Kaempferol; Life Sciences; Lignans; Linum album; Liquid chromatography; Metabolism; Metabolites; Naringenin; Phenolic acids; Phenols; Physiology; Piriformospora indica; Plant Physiology; Plant Sciences; Research Article; Roots; Salicylic acid
• ISSN: 0971-5894; 0974-0430
• DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01106-y

Plants synthesize a variety of metabolites in response to biotic elicitors. To comprehend how the digested cell wall of Piriformospora indica affects the response of ROS burst, antioxidant enzymes, amino acids profiling, and phenylpropanoid compounds such as lignans, phenolic acids, and flavonoids in  Linum album  hairy roots; we accomplished a time-course analysis of metabolite production and enzyme activities in response to CDCW and evaluated the metabolic profiles. The results confirms that CDCW accelerates the H 2 O 2 burst and increases SOD and GPX activity in hairy roots. The HPLC analysis of metabolic profiles shows that the H 2 O 2 burst shifts the amino acids, especially Phe and Tyr, fluxes toward a pool of lignans, phenolic acids, and flavonoids through alterations in the behavior of the necessary enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway. CDCW changes PAL , CCR , CAD , and PLR gene expression and transiently induces PTOX and 6MPROX as the main-specific products of PAL and PLR genes expression. The production of phenolic acids (e.g., cinnamic, coumaric, caffeic, and salicylic acid) and flavonoids (e.g., catechin, diosmin, kaempferol, luteolin, naringenin, daidzein, and myricetin) show different behaviors in response to CDCW. In conclusion, our observations show that CDCW elicitation can generate H 2 O 2 molecules in L . album hairy roots and consequently changes physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses such as antioxidant system and the specific active compounds such as lignans. Quantification of metabolic contents in response to CDCW suggests enzyme and non-enzyme defense mechanisms play a crucial role in L . album hairy root adaptation to CDCW. Graphical abstract A summary revealed that the correlation between H 2 O 2 generation and L. album hairy root defense system under CDCW. Increase of H 2 O 2 generation led plant to response against oxidative conditions. SOD, and GPX modulated H 2 O 2 content, Phe, and Tyr shifted to the phenylpropanoid compounds as a precursor of PAL and TAL enzyme, the predominant phenylpropanoid compounds controlled oxidative conditions, and the other amino acids responsible for amino acid synthesis and development stages.