Cancer-Homing CAR-T Cells and Endogenous Immune Population Dynamics

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy is based on patient blood-derived T cells and natural killer cells, which are engineered in vitro to recognize a target antigen in cancer cells. Most CAR-T recognize target antigens through immunoglobulin antigen-binding regions. Hence, CAR-T cells do not requ...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of molecular sciences 2021-12, Vol.23 (1), p.405
Main Authors: Guerra, Emanuela, Di Pietro, Roberta, Basile, Mariangela, Trerotola, Marco, Alberti, Saverio
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Antigens
Antigens, Neoplasm - immunology
Cancer
Cell therapy
Chimeric antigen receptors
Clinical trials
Cytokines
Humans
Immunoglobulins
Immunosuppression Therapy
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy, Adoptive
Kinases
Leukemia
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes T
Lymphoma
Major histocompatibility complex
Models, Biological
Natural killer cells
Neoplasms - immunology
Neoplasms - pathology
Neuroblastoma
Ovarian cancer
Peptides
Population dynamics
Proteins
Receptors, Chimeric Antigen - immunology
Review
Solid tumors
T cell receptors
Tumors
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Summary:Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy is based on patient blood-derived T cells and natural killer cells, which are engineered in vitro to recognize a target antigen in cancer cells. Most CAR-T recognize target antigens through immunoglobulin antigen-binding regions. Hence, CAR-T cells do not require the major histocompatibility complex presentation of a target peptide. CAR-T therapy has been tremendously successful in the treatment of leukemias. On the other hand, the clinical efficacy of CAR-T cells is rarely detected against solid tumors. CAR-T-cell therapy of cancer faces many hurdles, starting from the administration of engineered cells, wherein CAR-T cells must encounter the correct chemotactic signals to traffic to the tumor in sufficient numbers. Additional obstacles arise from the hostile environment that cancers provide to CAR-T cells. Intense efforts have gone into tackling these pitfalls. However, we argue that some CAR-engineering strategies may risk missing the bigger picture, i.e., that a successful CAR-T-cell therapy must efficiently intertwine with the complex and heterogeneous responses that the body has already mounted against the tumor. Recent findings lend support to this model.
ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms23010405