New Insights into the Chloroplast Outer Membrane Proteome and Associated Targeting Pathways

Plastids are a dynamic class of organelle in plant cells that arose from an ancient cyanobacterial endosymbiont. Over the course of evolution, most genes encoding plastid proteins were transferred to the nuclear genome. In parallel, eukaryotic cells evolved a series of targeting pathways and complex...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of molecular sciences 2022-01, Vol.23 (3), p.1571
Main Authors: Fish, Michael, Nash, Delaney, German, Alexandru, Overton, Alyssa, Jelokhani-Niaraki, Masoud, Chuong, Simon D X, Smith, Matthew D
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Biosynthesis
Chloroplast Proteins - chemistry
Chloroplast Proteins - metabolism
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts - metabolism
Cyanobacteria
Cytosol
Evolutionary genetics
Genomes
Intracellular Membranes - metabolism
Membrane proteins
Membranes
Metabolism
Metabolites
Outer membrane proteins
Photosynthesis
Plant cells
Plastids
Protein Transport
Proteins
Proteome - metabolism
Proteomes
Review
Signal Transduction
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Summary:Plastids are a dynamic class of organelle in plant cells that arose from an ancient cyanobacterial endosymbiont. Over the course of evolution, most genes encoding plastid proteins were transferred to the nuclear genome. In parallel, eukaryotic cells evolved a series of targeting pathways and complex proteinaceous machinery at the plastid surface to direct these proteins back to their target organelle. Chloroplasts are the most well-characterized plastids, responsible for photosynthesis and other important metabolic functions. The biogenesis and function of chloroplasts rely heavily on the fidelity of intracellular protein trafficking pathways. Therefore, understanding these pathways and their regulation is essential. Furthermore, the chloroplast outer membrane proteome remains relatively uncharted territory in our understanding of protein targeting. Many key players in the cytosol, receptors at the organelle surface, and insertases that facilitate insertion into the chloroplast outer membrane remain elusive for this group of proteins. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of well-characterized chloroplast outer membrane protein targeting pathways as well as provide new insights into novel targeting signals and pathways more recently identified using a bioinformatic approach. As a result of our analyses, we expand the known number of chloroplast outer membrane proteins from 117 to 138.
ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms23031571