Increased Circulating Levels of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 in Association with Metabolic Disorders in People Living with HIV Receiving Combined Antiretroviral Therapy

People living with HIV (PLWH) have an increased cardiovascular risk (CVR) owing to dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and HIV/combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)-associated lipodystrophy (HALS). Atherosclerosis and inflammation are related to growth differentiation factor-15...

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Published in:Journal of clinical medicine 2022-01, Vol.11 (3), p.549
Main Authors: Domingo, Pere, Mateo, María Gracia, Villarroya, Joan, Cereijo, Rubén, Torres, Ferran, Domingo, Joan C, Campderrós, Laura, Gallego-Escuredo, José M, Gutierrez, María Del Mar, Mur, Isabel, Corbacho, Noemí, Vidal, Francesc, Villarroya, Francesc, Giralt, Marta
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
AIDS
Antiretroviral drugs
Atherosclerosis
Biochemistry
Cardiovascular disease
Clinical medicine
Cytokines
Data collection
Diabetes
Drug therapy
Fatty acids
Heart failure
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus
Insulin resistance
Laboratories
Lipids
Metabolic disorders
Metabolic syndrome
Mortality
Variables
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Summary:People living with HIV (PLWH) have an increased cardiovascular risk (CVR) owing to dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and HIV/combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)-associated lipodystrophy (HALS). Atherosclerosis and inflammation are related to growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15). The relationship between metabolic disturbances, HALS, and CVR with GDF15 in PLWH is not known. Circulating GDF15 levels in 152 PLWH (with HALS = 60, without HALS = 43, cART-naïve = 49) and 34 healthy controls were assessed in a cross-sectional study. Correlations with lipids, glucose homeostasis, fat distribution, and CVR were explored. PLWH had increased circulating GDF15 levels relative to controls. The increase was the largest in cART-treated PLWH. Age, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance 1 (HOMA1-IR), HALS, dyslipidemia, C-reactive protein, and CVR estimated with the Framingham score correlated with GDF15 levels. The GDF15-Framingham correlation was lost after age adjustment. No correlation was found between GDF15 and the D:A:D Data Collection on Adverse Effects of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) score estimated CVR. CVR independent predictors were patient group (naïve, HALS-, and HALS+) and cumulated protease inhibitor or nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor exposure. PLWH, especially when cART-treated, has increased GDF15 levels-this increase is associated with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, HALS, and inflammation-related parameters. GDF15 is unassociated with CVR when age-adjusted.
ISSN:2077-0383
2077-0383
DOI:10.3390/jcm11030549