Carcinogenic Risk of Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr and Critical Ecological Risk of Cd and Cu in Soil and Groundwater around the Municipal Solid Waste Open Dump in Central Thailand

• Published in: Journal of environmental and public health 2022, Vol.2022 (1), p.3062215-3062215
• Main Authors: Aendo, Paweena, Netvichian, Ramnaree, Thiendedsakul, Piriyaporn, Khaodhiar, Sutha, Tulayakul, Phitsanu
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Cadmium; Carcinogens; Carcinogens - analysis; Cattle; Child; Children; China; Chromium; Consumption; Copper; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental risk; Food contamination & poisoning; Groundwater; Groundwater treatment; Health aspects; Health risk assessment; Health risks; Heavy metals; Humans; Landfill; Landfills; Leachates; Lead; Metals; Metals, Heavy - analysis; Municipal solid waste; Municipal waste management; Nickel; Pollution levels; Refuse and refuse disposal; Risk Assessment; Risk levels; Sediment pollution; Soil; Soil contamination; Soil Pollutants - analysis; Soil pollution; Soils; Solid Waste; Solid waste management; Thailand - epidemiology; Waste Disposal Facilities; Waste disposal sites; Water quality; Water, Underground
• ISSN: 1687-9805; 1687-9813
• DOI: 10.1155/2022/3062215

Several consequences of health effects from municipal solid waste caused by carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic metals have been recognized. The water quality index (WQI) in the groundwater around this landfill is 2945.58, which is unacceptable for consumption. The contaminated groundwater mainly appears within a 1 km radius around the landfill. The metal pollution levels in the soil in descending order were Cu > Cd > Zn=Cr > Pb > Ni. The pollution degree (ER) of Cd was 2898.88, and the potential ecological risk index (RI) was 2945.58, indicating that the risk level was very high. Surprisingly, the hazard index (HI) of Pb (2.05) and Fe (1.59) in children was higher than 1. This indicated that the chronic risk and cancer risk caused by Pb and Fe for children were at a medium level. Carcinogenic risk by oral (CR oral) consumption of Ni, Cd, and Cr in children was 1.4E − 04, 2.5E − 04, and 1.8E − 04, respectively, while the lifetime carcinogenic risk (LCR) of Ni, Cd, and Cr in children was 1.5E − 04, 2.8E − 04, and 2.0E − 04, respectively. In adults, CR oral of Ni and Cr were 1.6E − 03 and 3.0E − 04, respectively, while LCR of Ni and Cr were 1.6E − 03 and 3.4E − 04, respectively, which exceeded the carcinogenic risks limits. Our study indicated a lifetime carcinogenic risk to humans. Environmental surveillance should focus on reducing health risks such as continuous monitoring of the groundwater, soil, and leachate treatment process.