Divergent serum metabolomic, skeletal muscle signaling, transcriptomic, and performance adaptations to fasted versus whey protein-fed sprint interval training

• Published in: American journal of physiology: endocrinology and metabolism 2021-12, Vol.321 (6), p.E802-E820
• Main Authors: Aird, Tom P, Farquharson, Andrew J, Bermingham, Kate M, O'Sulllivan, Aifric, Drew, Janice E, Carson, Brian P
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acetylation; Adaptation; Adaptation, Physiological - drug effects; Adaptation, Physiological - genetics; Adolescent; Adult; Amino acids; Blood Chemical Analysis; Carbohydrates; CD36 antigen; Dietary Supplements; Divergence; Double-Blind Method; Endurance; Enzymatic activity; Fasting - physiology; Gene expression; High-Intensity Interval Training - methods; Humans; Ingestion; Interval training; Male; Metabolism; Metabolome - drug effects; Metabolomics; Mitochondria; Muscle, Skeletal - drug effects; Muscle, Skeletal - metabolism; Muscles; Musculoskeletal system; Nutrient content; Nutrition; Oxygen Consumption - drug effects; Oxygen Consumption - physiology; Performance enhancement; Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors; Physical Endurance - drug effects; Physical Endurance - genetics; Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; Proteins; Running; Signal Transduction - drug effects; Signal Transduction - genetics; SIRT1 protein; Skeletal muscle; Training; Transcriptome - drug effects; Transcriptomics; Whey; Whey protein; Whey Proteins - administration & dosage; Whey Proteins - pharmacology; Young Adult
• ISSN: 0193-1849; 1522-1555; 1522-1555
• DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00265.2021

Sprint interval training (SIT) is a time-efficient alternative to endurance exercise, conferring beneficial skeletal muscle metabolic adaptations. Current literature has investigated the nutritional regulation of acute and chronic exercise-induced metabolic adaptations in muscle following endurance exercise, principally comparing the impact of training in fasted and carbohydrate-fed (CHO) conditions. Alternative strategies such as exercising in low CHO, protein-fed conditions remain poorly characterized, specifically pertaining to adaptations associated with SIT. Thus, this study aimed to compare the metabolic and performance adaptations to acute and short-term SIT in the fasted state with preexercise hydrolyzed (WPH) or concentrated (WPC) whey protein supplementation. In healthy males, preexercise protein ingestion did not alter exercise-induced increases in , , , and mRNA expression following acute SIT. However, supplementation of WPH beneficially altered acute exercise-induced mRNA expression. Preexercise protein ingestion attenuated acute exercise-induced increases in muscle pan-acetylation and PARP1 protein content compared with fasted SIT. Acute serum metabolomic differences confirmed greater preexercise amino acid delivery in protein-fed compared with fasted conditions. Following 3 wk of SIT, training-induced increases in mitochondrial enzymatic activity and exercise performance were similar across nutritional groups. Interestingly, resting muscle acetylation status was downregulated in WPH conditions following training. Such findings suggest preexercise WPC and WPH ingestion positively influences metabolic adaptations to SIT compared with fasted training, resulting in either similar or enhanced performance adaptations. Future studies investigating nutritional modulation of metabolic adaptations to exercise are warranted to build upon these novel findings. These are the first data to show the influence of preexercise protein on serum and skeletal muscle metabolic adaptations to acute and short-term sprint interval training (SIT). Preexercise whey protein concentrate (WPC) or hydrolysate (WPH) feeding acutely affected the serum metabolome, which differentially influenced acute and chronic changes in mitochondrial gene expression, intracellular signaling (acetylation and PARylation) resulting in either similar or enhanced performance outcomes when compared with fasted training.