Disparities in absolute cardiovascular risk, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and other risk factors by income within racial/ethnic groups among middle-aged and older US people

• Published in: Journal of human hypertension 2023-06, Vol.37 (6), p.480-490
• Main Authors: Kibria, Gulam Muhammed Al, Crispen, Reese, Chowdhury, Muhammad Abdul Baker, Rao, Nadimpali, Stennett, Christina
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 692/499; 692/699/75; Adult; Aged; Black or African American; Cardiovascular diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases - diagnosis; Cardiovascular Diseases - ethnology; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes; Diabetes mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus - diagnosis; Diabetes Mellitus - ethnology; Epidemiology; Ethnicity; Female; Health Administration; Heart Disease Risk Factors; Hispanic people; Humans; Hypertension; Hypertension - diagnosis; Hypertension - ethnology; Income; Kidney diseases; Male; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Metabolic syndrome; Metabolic Syndrome - diagnosis; Metabolic Syndrome - ethnology; Middle Aged; Minority & ethnic groups; Nutrition Surveys; Obesity; Obesity - diagnosis; Obesity - ethnology; Physical activity; Prevalence; Public Health; Race; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic - diagnosis; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic - ethnology; Risk Factors; Surveys; Tobacco smoking; United States - epidemiology; White
• ISSN: 1476-5527; 0950-9240; 1476-5527
• DOI: 10.1038/s41371-021-00513-8

This cross-sectional study determined income disparities in age-adjusted prevalence and trends of 10-year high absolute cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, chronic kidney disease (CKD), leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), and current tobacco smoking within racial/ethnic groups in the US. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2016 data of 40–79-year-old people were analyzed. Survey periods were grouped as 2001–2006, 2007–2012, and 2013–2016. Race/ethnicity was grouped as non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and other races/ethnicities. Three equal-sized strata (low-, middle-, and high income) were made from the family income-to-poverty ratio. Of the 25,777 participants (mean age: 55.6 years, 48% males), a majority of the studied prevalence was higher in most survey years among non-Hispanic blacks compared to non-Hispanic whites. Most studied prevalence was also higher among low-income people than middle-/high-income people. Within racial/ethnic groups, the prevalence also differed by income for high CVD risk, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, CKD, LTPA, and tobacco smoking ( P