COVID or not COVID: attributing and reporting cause of death in a community cohort

• Published in: Public health (London) 2022-04, Vol.205, p.157-163
• Main Authors: Lampl, B.M.J., Lang, M., Jochem, C., Leitzmann, M.F., Salzberger, B.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Age; Aged; Attribution; Case fatality ratio; Cause of Death; Chi-square test; Cohort analysis; Cohort Studies; Confidence intervals; Coronaviruses; COVID-19; Death; Death & dying; Diagnosis; Fatalities; Hospitalization; Humans; Infectious diseases; Mathematical analysis; Medical diagnosis; Mortality; Mortality rates; Noncommunicable Diseases; Older people; Original Research; Pneumonia; Retrospective Studies; Risk analysis; Risk factors; SARS-CoV-2; Severe acute respiratory syndrome; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Signs and symptoms; Statistical tests; Symptoms; Viral diseases
• ISSN: 0033-3506; 1476-5616
• DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2022.02.008

In Germany, deaths of SARS-CoV-2–positive persons are reported as ‘death related to SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19’ to the Robert Koch Institute, Germany's main infectious disease institution. In 177 COVID-19–associated deaths reported in Regensburg, Germany, from October 2020 to January 2021, we investigated how deaths following SARS-CoV-2 infection were reported and whether cases with a death attributed to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 death [CD]) differed from cases with a reported death from other causes (non–COVID-19 death [NCD]). This was an observational retrospective cohort study. We analysed descriptive data on the numbers of cases, deaths, age, sex, symptoms and hospitalizations. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) and performed Chi-squared/Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for comparison of medians. Deaths attributed to COVID-19 occurred primarily in elderly patients. The mortality rate and the case fatality ratio (CFR) increased with age. The median age and the prevalence of risk factors were similar between CD and NCD. Respiratory symptoms and pneumonia at the time of diagnosis were associated with death reported as CD. The odds of CD attribution in cases hospitalized because of COVID-19 were 6-fold higher than the odds of NCD (OR: 6.00; 95% CI: 1.32 to 27.22). Respiratory symptoms/pneumonia at the time of diagnosis and hospitalization due to COVID-19 were associated with attributing a death to COVID-19. Numbers of COVID deaths need to be interpreted with caution. Criteria that facilitate attributing the cause of death among SARS-CoV-2 cases more uniformly could make these figures more comparable.