COVID-19: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Brain Damage

The most common clinical manifestation of COVID-19 is bilateral pneumonia, a diffuse, alveolar injury with severe microangiopathy. Systemic infection is accompanied by an increase in circulating chemokines and interleukins in the blood, which penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and enter the bra...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:Biology bulletin reviews 2022, Vol.12 (2), p.131-139
Main Author: Gomazkov, O. A.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
ACE2
Alveoli
Angiotensin
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
Astrocytes
Axonal transport
Biochemistry
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Blood-brain barrier
Brain damage
Brain injury
Cell Biology
Cerebral blood flow
Cerebral cortex
Chemokines
Coronaviruses
COVID-19
Disseminated infection
Ecology
Endothelium
Inflammation
Interleukins
Ischemia
Life Sciences
Mental disorders
Microglia
Molecular modelling
Nervous system
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Transfection
Zoology
Citations: Items that this one cites
Online Access:Get full text
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
Description
Summary:The most common clinical manifestation of COVID-19 is bilateral pneumonia, a diffuse, alveolar injury with severe microangiopathy. Systemic infection is accompanied by an increase in circulating chemokines and interleukins in the blood, which penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and enter the brain. Clinical materials indicate lesions of the brain and peripheral nervous system, as well as neurodegenerative and mental disorders. Due to violations of the cerebral endothelium system and changes in the balance of ACE2-coupled cytochemical processes, coagulopathy develops, leading to microthrombosis and vascular occlusion. The concept of SARS-CoV-2 “neurotropism” is discussed as a rationale for the penetration by the virus into the brain. Infection can occur as axonal transport through the bulbar zone and the olfactory area of the cerebral cortex. Even more common is the “hematogenous pathway” of viral transfection, which includes damage to the vascular endothelium and a violation of the protective role of the BBB. Another concept that explains the mechanism of brain damage relates to the phenomenon of neuroinflammation. Astrocytes and microglia are considered potential targets of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. The dissonance of the biochemical processes of the axis ACE2/ACE and changes in the functions of angiotensin peptides leads to the activation of astroglia with the development of neurodestructive processes in COVID-19.
ISSN:2079-0864
2079-0872
DOI:10.1134/S2079086422020037