The environmental Kuznets curve for Turkish provinces: a spatial panel data approach

This paper aims to test the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis using SO2 measurements in Turkish provinces between 2004 and 2019. The existing studies concerning the EKC hypothesis for Turkey either use a country-level analysis or panel data techniques covering provincial...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Environmental science and pollution research international 2022-04, Vol.29 (17), p.25519-25531
Main Authors: Karahasan, Burhan Can, Pinar, Mehmet
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aquatic Pollution
Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution
Carbon Dioxide - analysis
Causality
Earth and Environmental Science
Econometrics
Economic Development
Economics
Ecotoxicology
Environment
Environmental Chemistry
Environmental degradation
Environmental Health
Environmental impact
Environmental Kuznets curve
Environmental Pollution - analysis
Environmental science
Hypotheses
Longitudinal studies
Regional development
Research Article
Spatial Analysis
Spatial data
Sulfur dioxide
Turkey
Waste Water Technology
Water Management
Water Pollution Control
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Summary:This paper aims to test the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis using SO2 measurements in Turkish provinces between 2004 and 2019. The existing studies concerning the EKC hypothesis for Turkey either use a country-level analysis or panel data techniques covering provincial data that do not account for the spatial dimension. To account for the spatial dependence and overcome the biases resulting from the existence of such spatial spillovers, this paper combines the traditional panel data methodology with the recent advances in spatial econometrics. Our findings confirm the presence of a non-linear link between regional economic prospects and environmental degradation. However, unlike the core expectations of the EKC hypothesis, our results demonstrate a U-shaped relationship between economic development and SO2 levels. Moreover, these findings are robust to the inclusion of a spatial battery which highlights the existence of regional spillovers. Overall, our results show that the post-2000 epoch calls for a different action plan to mitigate the rising impact of environmental degradation in Turkey.
ISSN:0944-1344
1614-7499
1614-7499
DOI:10.1007/s11356-021-17706-w