Advance Care Planning and Treatment Intensity Before Death Among Black, Hispanic, and White Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19

• Published in: Journal of general internal medicine : JGIM 2022-06, Vol.37 (8), p.1996-2002
• Main Authors: Barnato, Amber E., Johnson, Gregory R., Birkmeyer, John D., Skinner, Jonathan S., O’Malley, Allistair James, Birkmeyer, Nancy J. O.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Advance Care Planning; Advance directives; Coronaviruses; COVID-19; COVID-19 - therapy; Death; Electronic health records; Electronic medical records; Ethnicity; Health services; Hispanic or Latino; Hispanic people; Hospitalization; Humans; Internal Medicine; Mechanical ventilation; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Minority & ethnic groups; Mortality; Original Research; Patients; Race; Retrospective Studies; Ventilation; Ventilators
• ISSN: 0884-8734; 1525-1497
• DOI: 10.1007/s11606-022-07530-4

Background Black and Hispanic people are more likely to contract COVID-19, require hospitalization, and die than White people due to differences in exposures, comorbidity risk, and healthcare access. Objective To examine the association of race and ethnicity with treatment decisions and intensity for patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Design Retrospective cohort analysis of manually abstracted electronic medical records. Patients 7,997 patients (62% non-Hispanic White, 16% non-Black Hispanic, and 23% Black) hospitalized for COVID-19 at 135 community hospitals between March and June 2020 Main Measures Advance care planning (ACP), do not resuscitate (DNR) orders, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation (MV), and in-hospital mortality. Among decedents, we classified the mode of death based on treatment intensity and code status as treatment limitation (no MV/DNR), treatment withdrawal (MV/DNR), maximal life support (MV/no DNR), or other (no MV/no DNR). Key Results Adjusted in-hospital mortality was similar between White (8%) and Black patients (9%, OR=1.1, 95% CI=0.9–1.4, p =0.254), and lower among Hispanic patients (6%, OR=0.7, 95% CI=0.6–1.0, p =0.032). Black and Hispanic patients were significantly more likely to be treated in the ICU (White 23%, Hispanic 27%, Black 28%) and to receive mechanical ventilation (White 12%, Hispanic 17%, Black 16%). The groups had similar rates of ACP (White 12%, Hispanic 12%, Black 11%), but Black and Hispanic patients were less likely to have a DNR order (White 13%, Hispanic 8%, Black 7%). Among decedents, there were significant differences in mode of death by race/ethnicity (treatment limitation: White 39%, Hispanic 17% ( p =0.001), Black 18% ( p