Sleep Quality, Insomnia, Anxiety, Fatigue, Stress, Memory and Active Coping during the COVID-19 Pandemic

• Published in: International journal of environmental research and public health 2022-04, Vol.19 (9), p.4940
• Main Authors: Alqahtani, Jaber S, AlRabeeah, Saad M, Aldhahir, Abdulelah M, Siraj, Rayan, Aldabayan, Yousef S, Alghamdi, Saeed M, Alqahtani, Abdullah S, Alsaif, Sulaiman S, Naser, Abdallah Y, Alwafi, Hassan
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adaptation, Psychological; Adult; Anxiety; Anxiety - epidemiology; Anxiety disorders; Anxiety Disorders - epidemiology; Coping; Coronaviruses; COVID-19; COVID-19 - epidemiology; Cross-Sectional Studies; Disease transmission; Economic impact; Epidemics; Fatigue; Fatigue - epidemiology; Female; Humans; Infections; Insomnia; Male; Mental disorders; Mental health; Pandemics; Population studies; Public health; Regression analysis; Sleep; Sleep disorders; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders - epidemiology; Sleep Quality; Stress; Variables; Well being
• ISSN: 1660-4601; 1661-7827; 1660-4601
• DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19094940

Background: The current study aimed to evaluate the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on sleep quality, insomnia, anxiety, stress, fatigue and active coping in the United States. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using a publicly available database taken from the Boston College COVID-19 Sleep and Well-Being Dataset. We have selected the most recent data that included information about sleep quality and other measures, including insomnia, anxiety, stress, fatigue and coping, collected between 22 February−8 March 2021. Results: A total of 476 subjects were included in the analysis. The mean (SD) age of the study population was 38.8 (17.8) years, and there were more females (85%) than males. The population had a mean (SD) score of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) of 6 (3.2), with 65% having the prevalence of poor sleep quality (defined as PSQ ≥ 5; n = 311). The mean (SD) score for Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) was 6.9 (5.2), with 55 subjects (11.5%) having clinical insomnia (defined as ISI ≥ 15); of whom 9% had severe clinical insomnia. There were positive correlations between PSQI and ISI (r = 0.76, p < 0.001), PROMIS fatigue scale (r = 0.53, p < 0.001), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) (r = 0.46, p < 0.001), and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) (r = 0.44, p < 0.001). The PSQI was inversely correlated with the John Henryism Active Coping Scale (JHACS) and memory scale. In the multivariate regression model, JHACS, ISI, fatigue, PSS and GAD-7 were significant predictors of PSQI, and these variables accounted for 62% of the variance of PSQI, adjusted for age and gender. Conclusion: An important contribution to the literature is made by this research, which demonstrates the significant prevalence of poor sleep quality and its association with insomnia and other mental and physical well-being. It also underlines the need to prioritise policy and public health efforts to address sleep issues that have substantial health and economic effects for both individuals and the population at large.