Stressful Life Events, Differential Vulnerability, and Depressive Symptoms: Critique and New Evidence

Depressive symptoms are disproportionately high among women and less educated individuals. One mechanism proposed to explain this is the differential vulnerability hypothesis—that these groups experience particularly strong increases in symptoms in response to stressful life events. We identify limi...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of health and social behavior 2022-06, Vol.63 (2), p.283-300
Main Authors: Anderson, Lewis R., Monden, Christiaan W.S., Bukodi, Erzsébet
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Depression - diagnosis
Female
Humans
Hypotheses
Life Change Events
Life events
Life stress
Longitudinal Studies
Male
Mental depression
Occupational stress
Risk Factors
Sex education
Stress, Psychological
Vulnerability
Women
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Summary:Depressive symptoms are disproportionately high among women and less educated individuals. One mechanism proposed to explain this is the differential vulnerability hypothesis—that these groups experience particularly strong increases in symptoms in response to stressful life events. We identify limitations to prior work and present evidence from a new approach to life stress research using the UK Household Longitudinal Study. Preliminarily, we replicate prior findings of differential vulnerability in between-individual models. Harnessing repeated measures, however, we show that apparent findings of differential vulnerability by both sex and education are artifacts of confounding. Men and women experience similar average increases in depressive symptoms after stressful life events. One exception is tentative evidence for a stronger association among women for events occurring to others in the household. We term this the “female vulnerability to network events” hypothesis and discuss with reference to Kessler and McLeod’s related “cost of caring” hypothesis.
ISSN:0022-1465
2150-6000
2150-6000
DOI:10.1177/00221465211055993