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Environmental Impact of Feeding with Infant Formula in Comparison with Breastfeeding
Young children have unique nutritional requirements, and breastfeeding is the best option to support healthy growth and development. Concerns have been raised around the increasing use of milk-based infant formulas in replacement of breastfeeding, in regards to health, social, economic and environme...
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| Published in: | International journal of environmental research and public health 2022-05, Vol.19 (11), p.6397 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| cites | cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c442t-cfbe2c2c974ddd8a9ad1f5312346a1eb4e7f65a14fb2bdb43ed2d86ce3be7e993 |
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| container_issue | 11 |
| container_start_page | 6397 |
| container_title | International journal of environmental research and public health |
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| creator | Andresen, Ellen Cecilie Hjelkrem, Anne-Grete Roer Bakken, Anne Kjersti Andersen, Lene Frost |
| description | Young children have unique nutritional requirements, and breastfeeding is the best option to support healthy growth and development. Concerns have been raised around the increasing use of milk-based infant formulas in replacement of breastfeeding, in regards to health, social, economic and environmental factors. However, literature on the environmental impact of infant formula feeding and breastfeeding is scarce. In this study we estimated the environmental impact of four months exclusive feeding with infant formula compared to four months exclusive breastfeeding in a Norwegian setting. We used life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, including the impact categories global warming potential, terrestrial acidification, marine and freshwater eutrophication, and land use. We found that the environmental impact of four months exclusive feeding with infant formula was 35-72% higher than that of four months exclusive breastfeeding, depending on the impact category. For infant formula, cow milk was the main contributor to total score for all impact categories. The environmental impact of breastfeeding was dependant on the composition of the lactating mother's diet. In conclusion, we found that breastfeeding has a lower environmental impact than feeding with infant formula. A limitation of the study is the use of secondary LCA data for raw ingredients and processes. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/ijerph19116397 |
| format | article |
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Concerns have been raised around the increasing use of milk-based infant formulas in replacement of breastfeeding, in regards to health, social, economic and environmental factors. However, literature on the environmental impact of infant formula feeding and breastfeeding is scarce. In this study we estimated the environmental impact of four months exclusive feeding with infant formula compared to four months exclusive breastfeeding in a Norwegian setting. We used life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, including the impact categories global warming potential, terrestrial acidification, marine and freshwater eutrophication, and land use. We found that the environmental impact of four months exclusive feeding with infant formula was 35-72% higher than that of four months exclusive breastfeeding, depending on the impact category. For infant formula, cow milk was the main contributor to total score for all impact categories. The environmental impact of breastfeeding was dependant on the composition of the lactating mother's diet. In conclusion, we found that breastfeeding has a lower environmental impact than feeding with infant formula. A limitation of the study is the use of secondary LCA data for raw ingredients and processes.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1661-7827</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116397</identifier><identifier>PMID: 35681983</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Acidification ; Babies ; Baby foods ; Breast feeding ; Breastfeeding & lactation ; Carbon dioxide ; Carbon footprint ; Climate change ; Cow's milk ; Dietary minerals ; Environmental factors ; Environmental impact ; Eutrophication ; Fatty acids ; Food products ; Global warming ; Impact analysis ; Infant formulas ; Infants ; Lactose ; Land use ; Milk ; Nitrogen ; Nutritional requirements ; Product life cycle ; Proteins ; Recipes ; Sulfur ; Sustainability ; Terrestrial environments ; Vegetable oils ; Vitamins ; Womens health</subject><ispartof>International journal of environmental research and public health, 2022-05, Vol.19 (11), p.6397</ispartof><rights>2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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Concerns have been raised around the increasing use of milk-based infant formulas in replacement of breastfeeding, in regards to health, social, economic and environmental factors. However, literature on the environmental impact of infant formula feeding and breastfeeding is scarce. In this study we estimated the environmental impact of four months exclusive feeding with infant formula compared to four months exclusive breastfeeding in a Norwegian setting. We used life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, including the impact categories global warming potential, terrestrial acidification, marine and freshwater eutrophication, and land use. We found that the environmental impact of four months exclusive feeding with infant formula was 35-72% higher than that of four months exclusive breastfeeding, depending on the impact category. For infant formula, cow milk was the main contributor to total score for all impact categories. The environmental impact of breastfeeding was dependant on the composition of the lactating mother's diet. In conclusion, we found that breastfeeding has a lower environmental impact than feeding with infant formula. A limitation of the study is the use of secondary LCA data for raw ingredients and processes.</description><subject>Acidification</subject><subject>Babies</subject><subject>Baby foods</subject><subject>Breast feeding</subject><subject>Breastfeeding & lactation</subject><subject>Carbon dioxide</subject><subject>Carbon footprint</subject><subject>Climate change</subject><subject>Cow's milk</subject><subject>Dietary minerals</subject><subject>Environmental factors</subject><subject>Environmental impact</subject><subject>Eutrophication</subject><subject>Fatty acids</subject><subject>Food products</subject><subject>Global warming</subject><subject>Impact analysis</subject><subject>Infant formulas</subject><subject>Infants</subject><subject>Lactose</subject><subject>Land use</subject><subject>Milk</subject><subject>Nitrogen</subject><subject>Nutritional requirements</subject><subject>Product life cycle</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Recipes</subject><subject>Sulfur</subject><subject>Sustainability</subject><subject>Terrestrial environments</subject><subject>Vegetable oils</subject><subject>Vitamins</subject><subject>Womens health</subject><issn>1660-4601</issn><issn>1661-7827</issn><issn>1660-4601</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>PIMPY</sourceid><sourceid>3HK</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkb1PHDEQxa0oUfhIWkqyUhqaI_5ar91EIieOnISUhtSW1x5zPu3aF3sXxH-P0QGCVGNpfvNmnh9CJwSfM6bwj7CFvNsQRYhgqvuADokQeMEFJh_fvA_QUSlbjJnkQn1GB6wVkijJDtHNZbwLOcUR4mSGZj3ujJ2a5JsVgAvxtrkP06ZZR2_i1KxSHufBNCE2y1TJHEqKe-JXBlMmvx_6gj55MxT4-lyP0d_V5c3y9-L6z9V6eXG9sJzTaWF9D9RSqzrunJNGGUd8ywhlXBgCPYfOi9YQ7nvau54zcNRJYYH10IFS7Bj93Ovu5n4EZ6uHbAa9y2E0-UEnE_T7TgwbfZvutCISEyGrwLe9gK1WphB1TNlogmVLteJdRytx9rwip38zlEmPoVgYBhMhzUVT0bUCS8pZRb__h27TnGP9gCeKM05J21bq_GVlKiWDfz2XYP0UqX4faR04fWvyFX_JkD0CWe6egg</recordid><startdate>20220524</startdate><enddate>20220524</enddate><creator>Andresen, Ellen Cecilie</creator><creator>Hjelkrem, Anne-Grete Roer</creator><creator>Bakken, Anne Kjersti</creator><creator>Andersen, Lene Frost</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>3HK</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9298-8770</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8941-6859</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20220524</creationdate><title>Environmental Impact of Feeding with Infant Formula in Comparison with Breastfeeding</title><author>Andresen, Ellen Cecilie ; 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| ispartof | International journal of environmental research and public health, 2022-05, Vol.19 (11), p.6397 |
| issn | 1660-4601 1661-7827 1660-4601 |
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| source | NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives; Publicly Available Content (ProQuest); PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Acidification Babies Baby foods Breast feeding Breastfeeding & lactation Carbon dioxide Carbon footprint Climate change Cow's milk Dietary minerals Environmental factors Environmental impact Eutrophication Fatty acids Food products Global warming Impact analysis Infant formulas Infants Lactose Land use Milk Nitrogen Nutritional requirements Product life cycle Proteins Recipes Sulfur Sustainability Terrestrial environments Vegetable oils Vitamins Womens health |
| title | Environmental Impact of Feeding with Infant Formula in Comparison with Breastfeeding |
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