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Effect of Cooling Rate on Mechanical Properties, Translucency, Opalescence, and Light Transmission Properties of Monolithic 4Y-TZP during Glazing
A standard cooling rate has not been established for glazing; therefore, the effects of the cooling rate on the properties of zirconia need to be evaluated to predict outcomes in clinical practice. 4Y-TZP glazed at three different cooling rates was analyzed to estimate the effect of cooling rate dur...
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Published in: | Materials 2022-06, Vol.15 (12), p.4357 |
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description | A standard cooling rate has not been established for glazing; therefore, the effects of the cooling rate on the properties of zirconia need to be evaluated to predict outcomes in clinical practice. 4Y-TZP glazed at three different cooling rates was analyzed to estimate the effect of cooling rate during glazing on the mechanical and optical properties. Hardness tests, field-emission scanning electron microscopy analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, flexural strength measurement, and optical property evaluations were performed. When 4Y-TZP was glazed at a higher cooling rate (Cooling-1) than the normal cooling rate (Cooling-2), there was no significant difference in grain size, flexural strength, average transmittance, and translucency parameters. The hardness was slightly reduced. The opalescence parameter was reduced for the 2.03 mm thick specimens. When 4Y-TZP was glazed at a lower cooling rate (Cooling-3) than the normal cooling rate, there was no significant difference in hardness, grain size, flexural strength, and translucency parameters. In addition, the average transmittance and opalescence parameters were slightly reduced for the 0.52 and 2.03 mm specimens, respectively. The effects of the cooling rate during glazing on the mechanical and optical properties of 4Y-TZP appear to be minimal and clinically insignificant. Therefore, even if the cooling rate cannot be strictly controlled during glazing, the clinical outcomes will not be significantly affected. |
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Hardness tests, field-emission scanning electron microscopy analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, flexural strength measurement, and optical property evaluations were performed. When 4Y-TZP was glazed at a higher cooling rate (Cooling-1) than the normal cooling rate (Cooling-2), there was no significant difference in grain size, flexural strength, average transmittance, and translucency parameters. The hardness was slightly reduced. The opalescence parameter was reduced for the 2.03 mm thick specimens. When 4Y-TZP was glazed at a lower cooling rate (Cooling-3) than the normal cooling rate, there was no significant difference in hardness, grain size, flexural strength, and translucency parameters. In addition, the average transmittance and opalescence parameters were slightly reduced for the 0.52 and 2.03 mm specimens, respectively. The effects of the cooling rate during glazing on the mechanical and optical properties of 4Y-TZP appear to be minimal and clinically insignificant. Therefore, even if the cooling rate cannot be strictly controlled during glazing, the clinical outcomes will not be significantly affected.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1996-1944</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1996-1944</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/ma15124357</identifier><identifier>PMID: 35744423</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Cooling ; Cooling effects ; Cooling rate ; Emission analysis ; Enamel ; Evaluation ; Flexural strength ; Glazing ; Grain size ; Hardness tests ; Light transmission ; Manufacturers ; Manufacturing ; Mechanical properties ; Opalescence ; Optical properties ; Parameters ; Porcelain ; Prostheses ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Schedules ; Sintering ; Teeth ; Tetragonal zirconia polycrystals ; Transmittance ; Zirconium dioxide</subject><ispartof>Materials, 2022-06, Vol.15 (12), p.4357</ispartof><rights>2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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Hardness tests, field-emission scanning electron microscopy analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, flexural strength measurement, and optical property evaluations were performed. When 4Y-TZP was glazed at a higher cooling rate (Cooling-1) than the normal cooling rate (Cooling-2), there was no significant difference in grain size, flexural strength, average transmittance, and translucency parameters. The hardness was slightly reduced. The opalescence parameter was reduced for the 2.03 mm thick specimens. When 4Y-TZP was glazed at a lower cooling rate (Cooling-3) than the normal cooling rate, there was no significant difference in hardness, grain size, flexural strength, and translucency parameters. In addition, the average transmittance and opalescence parameters were slightly reduced for the 0.52 and 2.03 mm specimens, respectively. The effects of the cooling rate during glazing on the mechanical and optical properties of 4Y-TZP appear to be minimal and clinically insignificant. Therefore, even if the cooling rate cannot be strictly controlled during glazing, the clinical outcomes will not be significantly affected.</description><subject>Cooling</subject><subject>Cooling effects</subject><subject>Cooling rate</subject><subject>Emission analysis</subject><subject>Enamel</subject><subject>Evaluation</subject><subject>Flexural strength</subject><subject>Glazing</subject><subject>Grain size</subject><subject>Hardness tests</subject><subject>Light transmission</subject><subject>Manufacturers</subject><subject>Manufacturing</subject><subject>Mechanical properties</subject><subject>Opalescence</subject><subject>Optical properties</subject><subject>Parameters</subject><subject>Porcelain</subject><subject>Prostheses</subject><subject>Scanning electron microscopy</subject><subject>Schedules</subject><subject>Sintering</subject><subject>Teeth</subject><subject>Tetragonal zirconia polycrystals</subject><subject>Transmittance</subject><subject>Zirconium dioxide</subject><issn>1996-1944</issn><issn>1996-1944</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>PIMPY</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkc1qGzEUhUVISUKaTZ5AkE0InlZ_86NNoJg0LTgkFHfRboRGc2UryJIrzQTSt-gbV8ahaavN1UWfzrmHi9A5Je84l-T9RtOaMsHr9gCdUCmbikohDv-6H6OznB9JOZzTjskjdFxoIQTjJ-jXjbVgRhwtnsfoXVjhL3oEHAO-A7PWwRnt8UOKW0ijgzzDy6RD9pOBYJ5n-H6rPeRdAzOsw4AXbrUe99DG5eyK0Ovvnc1dDMVnXDuDxbdq-f0BD1Pa-d56_bPUt-iN1T7D2Us9RV8_3iznn6rF_e3n-YdFZXjHx4oZypgGawcJHCwRorM1E7SvhQEmZT8Qq-vGNj2VDTHdwKXo5VB62wKRDT9F13vd7dRvYCgRxqS92ia30elZRe3Uvy_BrdUqPinJWNfWsghcvgik-GOCPKoS2ID3OkCcsmJNR4mgDWsLevEf-hinFEq8QrWylYzTulBXe8qkmHMC-2cYStRu2ep12fw3GP2c3g</recordid><startdate>20220620</startdate><enddate>20220620</enddate><creator>Jeong, Ji-In</creator><creator>Shin, Hye-Jeong</creator><creator>Kwon, Yong Hoon</creator><creator>Seol, Hyo-Joung</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6177-2616</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1117-4957</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20220620</creationdate><title>Effect of Cooling Rate on Mechanical Properties, Translucency, Opalescence, and Light Transmission Properties of Monolithic 4Y-TZP during Glazing</title><author>Jeong, Ji-In ; 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therefore, the effects of the cooling rate on the properties of zirconia need to be evaluated to predict outcomes in clinical practice. 4Y-TZP glazed at three different cooling rates was analyzed to estimate the effect of cooling rate during glazing on the mechanical and optical properties. Hardness tests, field-emission scanning electron microscopy analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, flexural strength measurement, and optical property evaluations were performed. When 4Y-TZP was glazed at a higher cooling rate (Cooling-1) than the normal cooling rate (Cooling-2), there was no significant difference in grain size, flexural strength, average transmittance, and translucency parameters. The hardness was slightly reduced. The opalescence parameter was reduced for the 2.03 mm thick specimens. When 4Y-TZP was glazed at a lower cooling rate (Cooling-3) than the normal cooling rate, there was no significant difference in hardness, grain size, flexural strength, and translucency parameters. In addition, the average transmittance and opalescence parameters were slightly reduced for the 0.52 and 2.03 mm specimens, respectively. The effects of the cooling rate during glazing on the mechanical and optical properties of 4Y-TZP appear to be minimal and clinically insignificant. Therefore, even if the cooling rate cannot be strictly controlled during glazing, the clinical outcomes will not be significantly affected.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>35744423</pmid><doi>10.3390/ma15124357</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6177-2616</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1117-4957</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Cooling Cooling effects Cooling rate Emission analysis Enamel Evaluation Flexural strength Glazing Grain size Hardness tests Light transmission Manufacturers Manufacturing Mechanical properties Opalescence Optical properties Parameters Porcelain Prostheses Scanning electron microscopy Schedules Sintering Teeth Tetragonal zirconia polycrystals Transmittance Zirconium dioxide |
title | Effect of Cooling Rate on Mechanical Properties, Translucency, Opalescence, and Light Transmission Properties of Monolithic 4Y-TZP during Glazing |
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