Pharmacological activation of the Sonic hedgehog pathway with a Smoothened small molecule agonist ameliorates the severity of alcohol‐induced morphological and behavioral birth defects in a zebrafish model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

• Published in: Journal of neuroscience research 2022-08, Vol.100 (8), p.1585-1601
• Main Authors: Burton, Derek F., Boa‐Amponsem, Oswald M., Dixon, Maria S., Hopkins, Michael J., Herbin, Te‐Andre, Toney, Shiquita, Tarpley, Michael, Rodriguez, Blanca V., Fish, Eric W., Parnell, Scott E., Cole, Gregory J., Williams, Kevin P.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Agonists; Alcohol; Animals; behavior; Birth defects; Congenital defects; Danio rerio; Developmental stages; Embryo, Nonmammalian - metabolism; Embryogenesis; Embryonic growth stage; Embryos; Ethanol; Ethanol - toxicity; Exposure; FASD; Female; Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders - drug therapy; Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders - metabolism; Fetal alcohol syndrome; Hedgehog protein; Hedgehog Proteins - metabolism; Humans; Morphology; Pharmacology; Pregnancy; Prenatal experience; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Risk taking; RRID:CVCL_0190; RRID:SCR_000441; RRID:SCR_002798; SAG; Shh; Signal transduction; Signaling; SMO; Zebrafish; Zebrafish - metabolism
• ISSN: 0360-4012; 1097-4547
• DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25008

Ethanol exposure during the early stages of embryonic development can lead to a range of morphological and behavioral differences termed fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). In a zebrafish model, we have shown that acute ethanol exposure at 8–10 hr postfertilization (hpf), a critical time of development, produces birth defects similar to those clinically characterized in FASD. Dysregulation of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway has been implicated as a molecular basis for many of the birth defects caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. We observed in zebrafish embryos that shh expression was significantly decreased by ethanol exposure at 8–10 hpf, while smo expression was much less affected. Treatment of zebrafish embryos with SAG or purmorphamine, small molecule Smoothened agonists that activate Shh signaling, ameliorated the severity of ethanol‐induced developmental malformations including altered eye size and midline brain development. Furthermore, this rescue effect of Smo activation was dose dependent and occurred primarily when treatment was given after ethanol exposure. Markers of Shh signaling (gli1/2) and eye development (pax6a) were restored in embryos treated with SAG post‐ethanol exposure. Since embryonic ethanol exposure has been shown to produce later‐life neurobehavioral impairments, juvenile zebrafish were examined in the novel tank diving test. Our results further demonstrated that in zebrafish embryos exposed to ethanol, SAG treatment was able to mitigate long‐term neurodevelopmental impairments related to anxiety and risk‐taking behavior. Our results indicate that pharmacological activation of the Shh pathway at specific developmental timing markedly diminishes the severity of alcohol‐induced birth defects. Exposure of zebrafish embryos to acute ethanol during the late gastrulation phase (8–10 hpf) results in defects in brain development (midbrain–hindbrain boundary formation; microphthalmia) and long‐lasting behavioral deficits (increase in risk taking behavior). The addition of a sonic hedgehog pathway agonist to the zebrafish embryos immediately after the ethanol exposure (10–12 hpf) rescues both the short‐term morphological and long‐term behavioral defects.