Ketamine plus Alcohol: What We Know and What We Can Expect about This

Drug abuse has become a public health concern. The misuse of ketamine, a psychedelic substance, has increased worldwide. In addition, the co-abuse with alcohol is frequently identified among misusers. Considering that ketamine and alcohol share several pharmacological targets, we hypothesize that th...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of molecular sciences 2022-07, Vol.23 (14), p.7800
Main Authors: Kobayashi, Natalia Harumi Correa, Farias, Sarah Viana, Luz, Diandra Araújo, Machado-Ferraro, Kissila Márvia, Conceição, Brenda Costa da, Silveira, Cinthia Cristina Menezes da, Fernandes, Luanna Melo Pereira, Cartágenes, Sabrina de Carvalho, Ferreira, Vânia Maria Moraes, Fontes-Júnior, Enéas Andrade, Maia, Cristiane do Socorro Ferraz
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Alcohol
Dehydrogenases
Drug abuse
Drug withdrawal
Drugs
Dyskinesia
Ecstasy
Emergency medical care
Ethanol
Gallbladder
Ketamine
Liver
LSD
Lysergic acid diethylamide
Metabolites
Molecular modelling
Psychotropic drugs
Public health
Recreation
Review
Withdrawal
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Summary:Drug abuse has become a public health concern. The misuse of ketamine, a psychedelic substance, has increased worldwide. In addition, the co-abuse with alcohol is frequently identified among misusers. Considering that ketamine and alcohol share several pharmacological targets, we hypothesize that the consumption of both psychoactive substances may synergically intensify the toxicological consequences, both under the effect of drugs available in body systems and during withdrawal. The aim of this review is to examine the toxicological mechanisms related to ketamine plus ethanol co-abuse, as well the consequences on cardiorespiratory, digestive, urinary, and central nervous systems. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive discussion about the probable sites of shared molecular mechanisms that may elicit additional hazardous effects. Finally, we highlight the gaps of knowledge in this area, which deserves further research.
ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms23147800