An Update on the Effects of Vitamin D on the Immune System and Autoimmune Diseases

Vitamin D intervenes in calcium and phosphate metabolism and bone homeostasis. Experimental studies have shown that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) generates immunologic activities on the innate and adaptive immune system and endothelial membrane stability. Low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of molecular sciences 2022-09, Vol.23 (17), p.9784
Main Authors: Sîrbe, Claudia, Rednic, Simona, Grama, Alina, Pop, Tudor Lucian
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
25-Hydroxyvitamin D
Adaptive systems
Adrenal glands
Arthritis
Autoimmune diseases
Bone turnover
Calciferol
Calcitriol
Calcium metabolism
Calcium phosphates
Chromatography
Clinical trials
Cytokines
Diabetes mellitus (insulin dependent)
Diet
DNA repair
Enzymes
Gene expression
Homeostasis
Immune system
Immunoassay
Leukocytes (mononuclear)
Ligands
Metabolism
Metabolites
Multiple sclerosis
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Proteins
Psoriasis
Radiation
Review
Skin
Vitamin D
Vitamin deficiency
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Summary:Vitamin D intervenes in calcium and phosphate metabolism and bone homeostasis. Experimental studies have shown that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) generates immunologic activities on the innate and adaptive immune system and endothelial membrane stability. Low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) are associated with an increased risk of developing immune-related diseases such as psoriasis, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and autoimmune diseases. Various clinical trials describe the efficacy of supplementation of vitamin D and its metabolites for treating these diseases that result in variable outcomes. Different disease outcomes are observed in treatment with vitamin D as high inter-individual difference is present with complex gene expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, it is still not fully known what level of serum 25(OH)D is needed. The current recommendation is to increase vitamin D intake and have enough sunlight exposure to have serum 25(OH)D at a level of 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L) and better at 40–60 ng/mL (100–150 nmol/L) to obtain the optimal health benefits of vitamin D.
ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms23179784