High-content imaging analyses of the effects of bisphenols and organophosphate esters on TM4 mouse Sertoli cells

• Published in: Biology of reproduction 2022-09, Vol.107 (3), p.858-868
• Main Authors: Rajkumar, Abishankari, Luu, Trang, Hales, Barbara F., Robaire, Bernard
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; benchmark concentrations; Benzhydryl Compounds - toxicity; Biological activity; Bisphenol A; bisphenols; Calcein; Chemicals; Cytotoxicity; endocrine-disrupting chemicals; Esters; Flame retardants; Flame Retardants - toxicity; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; high-content imaging; Humans; Leydig cells; Lysosomes; Male; Mice; organophosphate esters; Organophosphates; Organophosphates - chemistry; Organophosphates - toxicity; Oxidative stress; Phenols; polybrominated diphenyl ethers; RESEARCH ARTICLE; Sertoli Cells
• ISSN: 0006-3363; 1529-7268
• DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac101

The endocrine disruptive effects of bisphenol A (BPA) and brominated flame retardants (BDE-47) have led to restrictions on their use and increased the pressure to identify safe replacements for these chemicals. Although there is evidence that some of these alternatives may be toxic to spermatogonial and Leydig cells, little is known about the toxicity of emerging replacements on Sertoli cells. We used high-content imaging to compare the effects of legacy chemicals, BPA and BDE-47, to their corresponding replacements. TM4 Sertoli cells were exposed for 48 h to each chemical (0.001–100 µM) followed by cytotoxicity and phenotypic endpoint assessment. The benchmark concentration potency ranking for bisphenols based on cytotoxicity was BPTMC > bisphenol M > BPAF>BPF > BPS > BPA. Human administered equivalent dose (AED) determination ranked BPS as the most potent alternative replacement. The benchmark concentration potency ranking of BDE-47 and organophosphate esters based on cytotoxicity was TDtBPP>BDMPP>TBOEP>TDCPP>TMPP>TPHP>BDE47>IPPP=BPDP=TCPP. Additionally, TM4 cell exposure to BDE-47 increased Calcein intensity (57.9 µM) and affected lysosomes (21.6 µM), while exposure to TPHP and TMPP resulted in cellular oxidative stress changes at benchmark concentration values as low as 0.01 and 0.4 µM, respectively. Overall bioactivity considerations of the chemicals on TM4 via ToxPi analyses and AED modeling further validated emerging replacements as highly potent chemicals in comparison to BPA and BDE-47. These findings demonstrate that many bisphenol and flame retardant replacements are more potent in Sertoli cells than the legacy chemical they are replacing and that phenotypic parameter assessment is an effective tool in chemical toxicity assessment. Summary Sentence In TM4 Sertoli cells, many of the chemicals that are emerging as replacements for BPA and brominated flame retardants show greater toxicity than the chemicals that they are replacing.