Racial Disparities in Sleep: Potential Mediation by Discrimination and Psychological Distress

• Published in: Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities 2023-04, Vol.10 (2), p.573-580
• Main Authors: Mead, Michael P., Vargas, Emily A., Knutson, Kristen L.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Black people; Black white relations; Chronic illnesses; Discrimination; Epidemiology; Ethnicity; Health; Health disparities; Humans; Inequality; Loneliness; Longitudinal Studies; Mediation; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Mental depression; Mental health; Minority & ethnic groups; Psychological Distress; Psychological factors; Psychological research; Psychological stress; Psychological well being; Psychosocial factors; Quality of Life Research; Questionnaires; Race; Race factors; Racial differences; Racial discrimination; Racial identity; Racial inequality; Retirement; Self report; Sleep; Social Inequality; Social Structure; Stress; Surveys and Questionnaires; Symptoms; Well being
• ISSN: 2197-3792; 2196-8837
• DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01247-0

Previous research has demonstrated that experiences of discrimination contribute to racial disparities in sleep, and that psychological distress mediates these relationships. However, previous research has not included race as part of the mediation pathway and has had limited dimensions of sleep health and psychological mediators. In the current study, we examine serial mediation pathways by which race and sleep health are mediated through discrimination and subsequently through psychological distress (i.e., depressive symptoms, chronic stress, and loneliness). Data were from the 2010 wave of the Health Retirement Study (HRS). The analytic sample ( n  = 7,749) included Black and White participants who were included in the enhanced face-to-face interview in 2010 and who completed the psychosocial questionnaire. Race was reported as either Black or White. Sleep health was assessed with a 4-item questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the shortened CES-D, chronic stress via the ongoing chronic stressor scale, and loneliness via the UCLA loneliness scale. Covariates were included in all serial mediation models. Relative to White participants, Black participants reported increased experiences of discrimination, which was associated with increased psychological distress, and poorer sleep health. Findings demonstrate the significant adverse impact that discrimination has on both psychological well-being and sleep health.