Current Research on the Pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH and the Gut–Liver Axis: Gut Microbiota, Dysbiosis, and Leaky-Gut Syndrome

Global lifestyle changes have led to an increased incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), requiring further in-depth research to understand the mechanisms and develop new therapeutic strategies. In particular, high-fat and high-fructose diets...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of molecular sciences 2022-10, Vol.23 (19), p.11689
Main Authors: Kobayashi, Takashi, Iwaki, Michihiro, Nakajima, Atsushi, Nogami, Asako, Yoneda, Masato
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Alcohol
Antibiotics
Bacteria
Biosynthesis
Dehydrogenases
Diet
Digestive system
Dysbacteriosis
Endotoxins
Enzymes
Ethanol
Fatty acids
Fatty liver
Genomes
Health care
Hepatitis
High fat diet
Inflammation
Intestinal microflora
Intestine
Lipids
Liver
Liver diseases
Metabolism
Metabolites
Microbiomes
Microbiota
Next-generation sequencing
Obesity
Oxidative stress
Pathogenesis
Permeability
Probiotics
Review
Sequences
Small intestine
Veins & arteries
Weight control
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Summary:Global lifestyle changes have led to an increased incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), requiring further in-depth research to understand the mechanisms and develop new therapeutic strategies. In particular, high-fat and high-fructose diets have been shown to increase intestinal permeability, which can expose the liver to endotoxins. Indeed, accumulating evidence points to a link between these liver diseases and the intestinal axis, including dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and leaky-gut syndrome. Here, we review the mechanisms contributing to these links between the liver and small intestine in the pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH, focusing on the roles of intestinal microbiota and their metabolites to influence enzymes essential for proper liver metabolism and function. Advances in next-generation sequencing technology have facilitated analyses of the metagenome, providing new insights into the roles of the intestinal microbiota and their functions in physiological and pathological mechanisms. This review summarizes recent research linking the gut microbiome to liver diseases, offering new research directions to elucidate the detailed mechanisms and novel targets for treatment and prevention.
ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms231911689