Pore Opening, Not Voltage Sensor Movement, Underpins the Voltage-Dependence of Facilitation by a hERG Blocker

• Published in: Molecular pharmacology 2022-11, Vol.102 (5), p.223-233
• Main Authors: Furutani, Kazuharu, Kawano, Ryotaro, Ichiwara, Minami, Adachi, Ryo, Clancy, Colleen E., Sack, Jon T., Kita, Satomi
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• ISSN: 0026-895X; 1521-0111
• DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.122.000569

A drug that blocks the cardiac myocyte voltage-gated K+ channels encoded by the human ether-à-go-go–related gene (hERG) carries a potential risk of long QT syndrome and life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia, including Torsade de Pointes. Interestingly, certain hERG blockers can also facilitate hERG activation to increase hERG currents, which may reduce proarrhythmic potential. However, the molecular mechanism involved in the facilitation effect of hERG blockers remains unclear. The hallmark feature of the facilitation effect by hERG blockers is that a depolarizing preconditioning pulse shifts voltage-dependence of hERG activation to more negative voltages. Here we use a D540K hERG mutant to study the mechanism of the facilitation effect. D540K hERG is activated by not only depolarization but also hyperpolarization. This unusual gating property enables tests of the mechanism by which voltage induces facilitation of hERG by blockers. With D540K hERG, we find that nifekalant, a hERG blocker and class III antiarrhythmic agent, blocks and facilitates not only current activation by depolarization but also current activation by hyperpolarization, suggesting a shared gating process upon depolarization and hyperpolarization. Moreover, in response to hyperpolarizing conditioning pulses, nifekalant facilitates D540K hERG currents but not wild-type currents. Our results indicate that induction of facilitation is coupled to pore opening, not voltage per se. We propose that gated access to the hERG central cavity underlies the voltage-dependence of induction of facilitation. This study identifies hERG channel pore gate opening as the conformational change facilitated by nifekalant, a clinically important antiarrhythmic agent. Nifekalant is a clinically important antiarrhythmic agent and a human ether-à-go-go–related gene (hERG) blocker that can also facilitate voltage-dependent activation of hERG channels after a preconditioning pulse. Here we show that the mechanism of action of the preconditioning pulse is to open a conductance gate to enable drug access to a facilitation site. Moreover, we find that facilitation increases hERG currents by altering pore dynamics rather than acting through voltage sensors.