miRNAs in Regulation of Tumor Microenvironment, Chemotherapy Resistance, Immunotherapy Modulation and miRNA Therapeutics in Cancer

miRNAs are 20-22 long nucleotide non-coding ribonucleic acid molecules critical to the modulation of molecular pathways. Immune evasion and the establishment of a suitable tumor microenvironment are two major contributors that support tumor invasion and metastasis. Tumorigenic miRNAs support these t...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of molecular sciences 2022-11, Vol.23 (22), p.13822
Main Authors: Kousar, Kousain, Ahmad, Tahir, Abduh, Maisa S, Kanwal, Balquees, Shah, Syeda Saba, Naseer, Faiza, Anjum, Sadia
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Angiogenesis
Antigens
Biosynthesis
Breast cancer
Cell proliferation
Cell therapy
Chemoresistance
Chemotherapy
Cytoplasm
Cytotoxicity
Dendritic cells
Desensitization
Enzymes
Epigenetics
Genomes
Helper cells
Humans
Immune checkpoint
Immune system
Immunologic Factors
Immunological tolerance
Immunology
Immunoregulation
Immunotherapy
Ligands
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes T
Macrophages
Metabolism
Metastases
Metastasis
MicroRNAs
MicroRNAs - metabolism
miRNA
Neoplasms - genetics
Neoplasms - therapy
Nucleotides
Oncolysis
Proteins
Review
RNA polymerase
Self
Tumor microenvironment
Tumor Microenvironment - genetics
Tumor suppressor genes
Tumors
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Summary:miRNAs are 20-22 long nucleotide non-coding ribonucleic acid molecules critical to the modulation of molecular pathways. Immune evasion and the establishment of a suitable tumor microenvironment are two major contributors that support tumor invasion and metastasis. Tumorigenic miRNAs support these two hallmarks by desensitizing important tumor-sensitive regulatory cells such as dendritic cells, M1 macrophages, and T helper cells towards tumors while supporting infiltration and proliferation of immune cells like Treg cells, tumor-associated M2 macrophages that promote self-tolerance and chronic inflammation. miRNAs have a significant role in enhancing the efficacies of immunotherapy treatments like checkpoint blockade therapy, adoptive T cell therapy, and oncolytic virotherapy in cancer. A clear understanding of the role of miRNA can help scientists to formulate better-targeted treatment modalities. miRNA therapeutics have emerged as diverse class of nucleic acid-based molecules that can suppress oncogenic miRNAs and promote the expression of tumor suppressor miRNAs.
ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms232213822