The incidence and risk of cardiovascular events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in Asian populations

• Published in: Japanese journal of clinical oncology 2022-12, Vol.52 (12), p.1389-1398
• Main Authors: Chiang, Cho-Han, Chiang, Cho-Hung, Ma, Kevin Sheng-Kai, Hsia, Yuan Ping, Lee, Yu-Wen, Wu, Han-Ru, Chiang, Cho-Hsien, Peng, Chun-Yu, Wei, James Cheng-Chung, Shiah, Her-Shyong, Peng, Cheng-Ming, Neilan, Tomas G
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Asian People; Cardiovascular Diseases - chemically induced; Cardiovascular Diseases - complications; Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology; Cohort Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - complications; Humans; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors - adverse effects; Incidence; Ischemic Stroke; Myocardial Infarction - complications; Myocardial Infarction - epidemiology; Original; Pulmonary Embolism - complications; Retrospective Studies
• ISSN: 1465-3621; 0368-2811; 1465-3621
• DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyac150

Immune checkpoint inhibitors are associated with adverse cardiovascular events. However, there are no data characterizing cardiovascular events among Asians on immune checkpoint inhibitors. We aim to determine the incidence and risk of cardiac events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in an Asian population. We performed a retrospective, propensity score-matched cohort study at two tertiary referral centers in Taiwan. Immune checkpoint inhibitor users were matched with non-immune checkpoint inhibitor users based on predetermined clinical variables. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events, defined as a composite of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, acute peripheral occlusive disease, pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis, heart failure, pericardial disease, myocarditis, cardiac arrhythmias and conduction block. Between January 2010 and November 2021, 868 immune checkpoint inhibitor users were matched 1:1 with non-immune checkpoint inhibitor users. Among immune checkpoint inhibitor users, 67 (7.7%) patients developed major adverse cardiovascular events. During a median follow-up period of 188 days, the incidence rate of major adverse cardiovascular events for immune checkpoint inhibitor and non-immune checkpoint inhibitor users was 94.8 and 46.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively, resulting in an incidence rate ratio of 2.1 [95% confidence interval: 1.5-2.9]. In multivariate Cox proportional hazard models, immune checkpoint inhibitor users had a 60% increased risk for major adverse cardiovascular events [hazard ratio, 1.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.1-2.3)]. Immune checkpoint inhibitors use was independently associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke [hazard ratio, 3.0 (95% confidence interval: 1.0-9.0)] and pulmonary embolism [hazard ratio, 5.5 (95% confidence interval: 1.4-21.3)]. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, age > 65, metastatic disease, hypertension and baseline platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio