Face mask use and effects on the ocular surface health: A comprehensive review

In the COVID-19 period, face masks increased exponentially. Several studies suggest that the rise in ocular discomfort symptoms during the pandemic is mostly part of dry eye disease and that these are due to the effect of face masks, resulting in the newly described term MADE, for “mask-associated d...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:The ocular surface 2023-01, Vol.27, p.56-66
Main Authors: Burgos-Blasco, Barbara, Arriola-Villalobos, Pedro, Fernandez-Vigo, Jose Ignacio, Oribio-Quinto, Carlos, Ariño-Gutierrez, Mayte, Diaz-Valle, David, Benitez-del-Castillo, Jose Manuel
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
COVID-19 - epidemiology
Dry eye
Dry Eye Syndromes - etiology
Face mask
Humans
Masks - adverse effects
Ocular surface
Pandemics
Tear film
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Summary:In the COVID-19 period, face masks increased exponentially. Several studies suggest that the rise in ocular discomfort symptoms during the pandemic is mostly part of dry eye disease and that these are due to the effect of face masks, resulting in the newly described term MADE, for “mask-associated dry eye”. The most commonly proposed mechanism states that wearing a face mask creates an unnatural upward airflow towards the ocular surface during expiration, although the increased temperature, humidity and levels of carbon dioxide of the exhaled air, stress, increased use of video display terminals, as well as changes in the ocular microbiota may contribute. Evidence supports that the use of face masks causes an increase in dry eye disease symptoms, a decreased tear break-up time, corneal epithelial trauma, periocular temperature changes and inflammatory markers secretion. Given that the use of masks may be frequent in some settings in the near future, it is important to establish its effects and consequences on the ocular surface.
ISSN:1542-0124
1937-5913
DOI:10.1016/j.jtos.2022.12.006