Fabrication and Characterization Techniques of In Vitro 3D Tissue Models

The culturing of cells in the laboratory under controlled conditions has always been crucial for the advancement of scientific research. Cell-based assays have played an important role in providing simple, fast, accurate, and cost-effective methods in drug discovery, disease modeling, and tissue eng...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of molecular sciences 2023-01, Vol.24 (3), p.1912
Main Authors: Shyam, Rohin, Reddy, L Vinod Kumar, Palaniappan, Arunkumar
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
3-D printers
Animals
Architecture
Bioengineering
Biomedical materials
Bioprinting - methods
Cell culture
Cell Culture Techniques - methods
Cell proliferation
Controlled conditions
Drug Discovery - methods
Drug testing
Ethical standards
External stimuli
Heart attacks
Humans
Laboratories
Microenvironments
Microfluidics
Physiology
Proteins
Review
Spheroids
Stem cells
Tissue engineering
Tissue Engineering - methods
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Summary:The culturing of cells in the laboratory under controlled conditions has always been crucial for the advancement of scientific research. Cell-based assays have played an important role in providing simple, fast, accurate, and cost-effective methods in drug discovery, disease modeling, and tissue engineering while mitigating reliance on cost-intensive and ethically challenging animal studies. The techniques involved in culturing cells are critical as results are based on cellular response to drugs, cellular cues, external stimuli, and human physiology. In order to establish in vitro cultures, cells are either isolated from normal or diseased tissue and allowed to grow in two or three dimensions. Two-dimensional (2D) cell culture methods involve the proliferation of cells on flat rigid surfaces resulting in a monolayer culture, while in three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures, the additional dimension provides a more accurate representation of the tissue milieu. In this review, we discuss the various methods involved in the development of 3D cell culture systems emphasizing the differences between 2D and 3D systems and methods involved in the recapitulation of the organ-specific 3D microenvironment. In addition, we discuss the latest developments in 3D tissue model fabrication techniques, microfluidics-based organ-on-a-chip, and imaging as a characterization technique for 3D tissue models.
ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms24031912