Rats choose alcohol over social reward in an operant choice procedure

• Published in: Neuropsychopharmacology (New York, N.Y.) N.Y.), 2023-03, Vol.48 (4), p.585-593
• Main Authors: Marchant, Nathan J, McDonald, Allison J, Matsuzaki, Rie, van Mourik, Yvar, Schetters, Dustin, De Vries, Taco J
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Abstinence; Addictions; Alcohol; Alcohol abuse; Animals; Cocaine; Conditioning, Operant; Drug abuse; Drug addiction; Drug self-administration; Ethanol - pharmacology; Female; Heroin; Male; Methamphetamine; Methamphetamine - pharmacology; Nervous system; Neurosciences; Operant conditioning; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reinforcement; Reward; Self Administration; Social behavior; Social factors
• ISSN: 0893-133X; 1740-634X
• DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01447-6

The interaction between social factors and alcohol addiction is complex, with potential for both positive and negative contributions to drug use and abstinence. Positive social connections are an important component in successful abstinence, and yet the social context of alcohol use can also lead to relapse. Recently it was shown that rats overwhelmingly choose social reward over methamphetamine, cocaine, and heroin in a discrete choice procedure, and that prolonged choice for social reward attenuates incubation of drug craving. The extent to which this effect generalises to rats trained to self-administer alcohol is not known. In this study we aimed to test the effect of social reward on choice for alcohol in male and female rats. We first validated social reward self-administration in both male and female Long-Evans rats, and found that 60 s access to a social partner of the same sex can serve as an operant reinforcer. Next we trained rats to self-administer both social reward and alcohol (20% ethanol in water), and then used discrete choice trial based tests to determine whether there is a choice preference for alcohol or social reward. Our main finding is that both male and female rats showed persistent choice for alcohol over social reward, with only minor differences between the sexes. We also show that choice for alcohol could be reduced via increased response requirement for alcohol, pre-choice alcohol exposure, and also decreasing the alcohol percentage. This study shows that preference for social rewards over drugs may not generalise to rats self-administering alcohol, and we describe several conditions where choice for social reward can be developed. This study highlights the important contribution of social factors to alcohol abuse, and future studies can investigate the neurobiology underlying a shift in preference from alcohol to social rewards.