Gene Content and Coding Diversity of the Growth Hormone Loci of Apes

The growth hormone (GH) has experienced a dramatic evolution in primates, becoming multigenic and diverse in anthropoids. Despite sequence information from a vast number of primate species, it has remained unclear how the multigene family was favored. We compared the structure and composition of ape...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:Genes 2023-01, Vol.14 (2), p.241
Main Authors: González-Álvarez, Rafael, Rodríguez-Sánchez, Irám Pablo, Barrera-Saldaña, Hugo A
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Bacterial artificial chromosomes
Base Sequence
Communication
Enhancers
Evolution
Female
Fetuses
Gene expression
Genomes
GH-V gene
Gorilla gorilla - genetics
Growth Hormone
Growth hormones
Hominidae - genetics
Human Growth Hormone - genetics
Hylobates - genetics
Intercellular adhesion molecule 1
Monkeys & apes
Neanderthals - genetics
Pan troglodytes - genetics
Phylogenetics
Phylogeny
Physiology
Pituitary
Placenta
Pongo - genetics
Pregnancy
Primates
Primates - genetics
Regulatory sequences
Citations: Items that this one cites
Online Access:Get full text
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
Description
Summary:The growth hormone (GH) has experienced a dramatic evolution in primates, becoming multigenic and diverse in anthropoids. Despite sequence information from a vast number of primate species, it has remained unclear how the multigene family was favored. We compared the structure and composition of apes' as a prerequisite to understanding their origin and possible evolutionary role. These thorough analyses of the of the chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan were done by resorting to previously sequenced bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) harboring them, as well as to their respective genome projects data available in GenBank. The GH of modern man, Neanderthal, gibbon, and wild boar were retrieved from GenBank. Coding regions, regulatory elements, and repetitive sequences were identified and compared among species. The of all the analyzed species are flanked by the genes (5') and (3'). In man, Neanderthal, and chimpanzee, the were integrated by five almost indistinguishable genes; however, in the former two, they rendered three different hormones, and in the latter, four different proteins were derived. Gorilla exhibited six genes, gibbon seven, and orangutan four. The sequences of the proximal promoters, enhancers, P-elements, and a control region (LCR) were highly conserved. The locus evolution might have implicated duplications of the ancestral pituitary gene ( ) and subsequent diversification of the copies, leading to the placental single gene and the multiple genes.
ISSN:2073-4425
2073-4425
DOI:10.3390/genes14020241