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Hydrocracking of crude palm oil to a biofuel using zirconium nitride and zirconium phosphide-modified bentonite
In this study, bentonite modified by zirconium nitride (ZrN) and zirconium phosphide (ZrP) catalysts was studied in the hydrocracking of crude palm oil to biofuels. The study demonstrated that bentonite was propitiously modified by ZrN and ZrP, as assessed by XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, and SEM-EDX anal...
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Published in: | RSC advances 2022-08, Vol.12 (34), p.21916-21925 |
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description | In this study, bentonite modified by zirconium nitride (ZrN) and zirconium phosphide (ZrP) catalysts was studied in the hydrocracking of crude palm oil to biofuels. The study demonstrated that bentonite was propitiously modified by ZrN and ZrP, as assessed by XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, and SEM-EDX analysis. The acidity of the bentonite catalyst was remarkably enhanced by ZrN and ZrP, and it showed an increased intensity in the Lewis acid and Brnsted acid sites, as presented by pyridine FTIR. In the hydrocracking application, the highest conversion was achieved by bentonite-ZrN at 8 mEq g
1
catalyst loading of 87.93%, whereas bentonite-ZrP at 10 mEq g
1
showed 86.04% conversion, which suggested that there was a strong positive correlation between the catalyst acidity and the conversion under a particular condition. The biofuel distribution fraction showed that both the catalysts produced a high bio-kerosene fraction, followed by bio-gasoline and oil fuel fractions. The reusability study revealed that both the catalysts had sufficient conversion stability of CPO through the hydrocracking reaction up to four consecutive runs with a low decrease in the catalyst activity. Overall, bentonite-ZrN dominantly favored the hydrocracking of CPO than bentonite-ZrP.
In this study, bentonite modified by zirconium nitride (ZrN) and zirconium phosphide (ZrP) catalysts was studied in the hydrocracking of crude palm oil to biofuels. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1039/d2ra03941a |
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1
catalyst loading of 87.93%, whereas bentonite-ZrP at 10 mEq g
1
showed 86.04% conversion, which suggested that there was a strong positive correlation between the catalyst acidity and the conversion under a particular condition. The biofuel distribution fraction showed that both the catalysts produced a high bio-kerosene fraction, followed by bio-gasoline and oil fuel fractions. The reusability study revealed that both the catalysts had sufficient conversion stability of CPO through the hydrocracking reaction up to four consecutive runs with a low decrease in the catalyst activity. Overall, bentonite-ZrN dominantly favored the hydrocracking of CPO than bentonite-ZrP.
In this study, bentonite modified by zirconium nitride (ZrN) and zirconium phosphide (ZrP) catalysts was studied in the hydrocracking of crude palm oil to biofuels.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2046-2069</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2046-2069</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03941a</identifier><identifier>PMID: 36043093</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry</publisher><subject>Bentonite ; Biodiesel fuels ; Biofuels ; Catalysts ; Chemistry ; Conversion ; Fourier transforms ; Hydrocracking ; Infrared spectroscopy ; Lewis acid ; Palm oil ; Phosphides ; Zirconium ; Zirconium nitrides</subject><ispartof>RSC advances, 2022-08, Vol.12 (34), p.21916-21925</ispartof><rights>Copyright Royal Society of Chemistry 2022</rights><rights>This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2022 The Royal Society of Chemistry</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c405t-b19e686f149a293c8a383174e44ea3ff0779b6456c65c43d6287e2d6ba1c04a33</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c405t-b19e686f149a293c8a383174e44ea3ff0779b6456c65c43d6287e2d6ba1c04a33</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-4161-2794 ; 0000-0003-2153-9163 ; 0000-0001-5415-0168 ; 0000-0001-7134-9347</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9361004/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9361004/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,27924,27925,53791,53793</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hasanudin, Hasanudin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Asri, Wan Ryan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zulaikha, Indah Sari</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ayu, Cik</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rachmat, Addy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Riyanti, Fahma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hadiah, Fitri</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zainul, Rahadian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maryana, Roni</creatorcontrib><title>Hydrocracking of crude palm oil to a biofuel using zirconium nitride and zirconium phosphide-modified bentonite</title><title>RSC advances</title><description>In this study, bentonite modified by zirconium nitride (ZrN) and zirconium phosphide (ZrP) catalysts was studied in the hydrocracking of crude palm oil to biofuels. The study demonstrated that bentonite was propitiously modified by ZrN and ZrP, as assessed by XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, and SEM-EDX analysis. The acidity of the bentonite catalyst was remarkably enhanced by ZrN and ZrP, and it showed an increased intensity in the Lewis acid and Brnsted acid sites, as presented by pyridine FTIR. In the hydrocracking application, the highest conversion was achieved by bentonite-ZrN at 8 mEq g
1
catalyst loading of 87.93%, whereas bentonite-ZrP at 10 mEq g
1
showed 86.04% conversion, which suggested that there was a strong positive correlation between the catalyst acidity and the conversion under a particular condition. The biofuel distribution fraction showed that both the catalysts produced a high bio-kerosene fraction, followed by bio-gasoline and oil fuel fractions. The reusability study revealed that both the catalysts had sufficient conversion stability of CPO through the hydrocracking reaction up to four consecutive runs with a low decrease in the catalyst activity. Overall, bentonite-ZrN dominantly favored the hydrocracking of CPO than bentonite-ZrP.
In this study, bentonite modified by zirconium nitride (ZrN) and zirconium phosphide (ZrP) catalysts was studied in the hydrocracking of crude palm oil to biofuels.</description><subject>Bentonite</subject><subject>Biodiesel fuels</subject><subject>Biofuels</subject><subject>Catalysts</subject><subject>Chemistry</subject><subject>Conversion</subject><subject>Fourier transforms</subject><subject>Hydrocracking</subject><subject>Infrared spectroscopy</subject><subject>Lewis acid</subject><subject>Palm oil</subject><subject>Phosphides</subject><subject>Zirconium</subject><subject>Zirconium nitrides</subject><issn>2046-2069</issn><issn>2046-2069</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNpdkUtLxDAQx4Mo7rJ68S4EvIhQzWvT5iIs6xMEQfQc0iTdjbZNTVpBP71ZV9bHXGaY-TGvPwAHGJ1iRMWZIUElz7DaAmOCGM8I4mL7VzwC-zE-o2R8ignHu2BEOWIUCToG_ubdBK-D0i-uXUBfQR0GY2Gn6gZ6V8PeQwVL56vB1nCIK-jDBe1bNzSwdX1wiVat-ZXtlj52y5TPGm9c5ayBpW37VOztHtipVB3t_refgKery8f5TXZ3f307n91lmqFpn5VYWF7wCjOhiKC6ULSgOGeWMatoVaE8FyVnU675VDNqOClySwwvFdaIKUon4HzdtxvKxhqd5gdVyy64RoV36ZWTfyutW8qFf5OCcozSdybg-LtB8K-Djb1sXNS2rlVr_RAlyVGRU1oQlNCjf-izH0KbzltRVKSf50WiTtaUDj7GYKvNMhjJlZTygjzMvqScJfhwDYeoN9yP1PQT2G6aoQ</recordid><startdate>20220809</startdate><enddate>20220809</enddate><creator>Hasanudin, Hasanudin</creator><creator>Asri, Wan Ryan</creator><creator>Zulaikha, Indah Sari</creator><creator>Ayu, Cik</creator><creator>Rachmat, Addy</creator><creator>Riyanti, Fahma</creator><creator>Hadiah, Fitri</creator><creator>Zainul, Rahadian</creator><creator>Maryana, Roni</creator><general>Royal Society of Chemistry</general><general>The Royal Society of Chemistry</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>8BQ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4161-2794</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2153-9163</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5415-0168</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7134-9347</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20220809</creationdate><title>Hydrocracking of crude palm oil to a biofuel using zirconium nitride and zirconium phosphide-modified bentonite</title><author>Hasanudin, Hasanudin ; Asri, Wan Ryan ; Zulaikha, Indah Sari ; Ayu, Cik ; Rachmat, Addy ; Riyanti, Fahma ; Hadiah, Fitri ; Zainul, Rahadian ; Maryana, Roni</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c405t-b19e686f149a293c8a383174e44ea3ff0779b6456c65c43d6287e2d6ba1c04a33</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Bentonite</topic><topic>Biodiesel fuels</topic><topic>Biofuels</topic><topic>Catalysts</topic><topic>Chemistry</topic><topic>Conversion</topic><topic>Fourier transforms</topic><topic>Hydrocracking</topic><topic>Infrared spectroscopy</topic><topic>Lewis acid</topic><topic>Palm oil</topic><topic>Phosphides</topic><topic>Zirconium</topic><topic>Zirconium nitrides</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Hasanudin, Hasanudin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Asri, Wan Ryan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zulaikha, Indah Sari</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ayu, Cik</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rachmat, Addy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Riyanti, Fahma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hadiah, Fitri</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zainul, Rahadian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maryana, Roni</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>METADEX</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>RSC advances</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hasanudin, Hasanudin</au><au>Asri, Wan Ryan</au><au>Zulaikha, Indah Sari</au><au>Ayu, Cik</au><au>Rachmat, Addy</au><au>Riyanti, Fahma</au><au>Hadiah, Fitri</au><au>Zainul, Rahadian</au><au>Maryana, Roni</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Hydrocracking of crude palm oil to a biofuel using zirconium nitride and zirconium phosphide-modified bentonite</atitle><jtitle>RSC advances</jtitle><date>2022-08-09</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>12</volume><issue>34</issue><spage>21916</spage><epage>21925</epage><pages>21916-21925</pages><issn>2046-2069</issn><eissn>2046-2069</eissn><abstract>In this study, bentonite modified by zirconium nitride (ZrN) and zirconium phosphide (ZrP) catalysts was studied in the hydrocracking of crude palm oil to biofuels. The study demonstrated that bentonite was propitiously modified by ZrN and ZrP, as assessed by XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, and SEM-EDX analysis. The acidity of the bentonite catalyst was remarkably enhanced by ZrN and ZrP, and it showed an increased intensity in the Lewis acid and Brnsted acid sites, as presented by pyridine FTIR. In the hydrocracking application, the highest conversion was achieved by bentonite-ZrN at 8 mEq g
1
catalyst loading of 87.93%, whereas bentonite-ZrP at 10 mEq g
1
showed 86.04% conversion, which suggested that there was a strong positive correlation between the catalyst acidity and the conversion under a particular condition. The biofuel distribution fraction showed that both the catalysts produced a high bio-kerosene fraction, followed by bio-gasoline and oil fuel fractions. The reusability study revealed that both the catalysts had sufficient conversion stability of CPO through the hydrocracking reaction up to four consecutive runs with a low decrease in the catalyst activity. Overall, bentonite-ZrN dominantly favored the hydrocracking of CPO than bentonite-ZrP.
In this study, bentonite modified by zirconium nitride (ZrN) and zirconium phosphide (ZrP) catalysts was studied in the hydrocracking of crude palm oil to biofuels.</abstract><cop>Cambridge</cop><pub>Royal Society of Chemistry</pub><pmid>36043093</pmid><doi>10.1039/d2ra03941a</doi><tpages>1</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4161-2794</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2153-9163</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5415-0168</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7134-9347</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Bentonite Biodiesel fuels Biofuels Catalysts Chemistry Conversion Fourier transforms Hydrocracking Infrared spectroscopy Lewis acid Palm oil Phosphides Zirconium Zirconium nitrides |
title | Hydrocracking of crude palm oil to a biofuel using zirconium nitride and zirconium phosphide-modified bentonite |
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