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Dual modulation STM: Simultaneous high-resolution mapping of the differential conductivity and local tunnel barrier height demonstrated on Au(111)
We present a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) technique to simultaneously measure the topography, the local tunnel barrier height (d I/d Z), and the differential conductivity (d I/d V). We modulate the voltage and tip piezo with small sinusoidal signals that exceed the cut-off frequency of the ST...
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| Published in: | Journal of applied physics 2021-06, Vol.129 (22) |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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| container_issue | 22 |
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| container_title | Journal of applied physics |
| container_volume | 129 |
| creator | Oldenkotte, V. J. S. Witmans, F. J. Siekman, M. H. de Boeij, P. L. Sotthewes, K. Castenmiller, C. Ackermann, M. D. Sturm, J. M. Zandvliet, H. J. W. |
| description | We present a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) technique to simultaneously measure the topography, the local tunnel barrier height (d
I/d
Z), and the differential conductivity (d
I/d
V). We modulate the voltage and tip piezo with small sinusoidal signals that exceed the cut-off frequency of the STM electronics and feed the tunneling current into two lock-in amplifiers (LIAs). We derive and follow a set of criteria for the modulation frequencies to avoid any interference between the LIA measurements. To validate the technique, we measure Friedel oscillations and the subtle tunnel barrier difference between the
h
c
p and
f
c
c stacked regions of the Au(111) herringbone reconstruction. Finally, we show that our method is also applicable to open feedback loop measurements by performing grid
I(
V) spectroscopy. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1063/5.0051403 |
| format | article |
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I/d
Z), and the differential conductivity (d
I/d
V). We modulate the voltage and tip piezo with small sinusoidal signals that exceed the cut-off frequency of the STM electronics and feed the tunneling current into two lock-in amplifiers (LIAs). We derive and follow a set of criteria for the modulation frequencies to avoid any interference between the LIA measurements. To validate the technique, we measure Friedel oscillations and the subtle tunnel barrier difference between the
h
c
p and
f
c
c stacked regions of the Au(111) herringbone reconstruction. Finally, we show that our method is also applicable to open feedback loop measurements by performing grid
I(
V) spectroscopy.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0021-8979</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1089-7550</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1063/5.0051403</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JAPIAU</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Melville: American Institute of Physics</publisher><subject>Applied physics ; Feedback loops ; Lock in amplifiers ; Modulation ; Scanning tunneling microscopy</subject><ispartof>Journal of applied physics, 2021-06, Vol.129 (22)</ispartof><rights>Author(s)</rights><rights>2021 Author(s). Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c252t-f42be8feba0fbea8448d32677af06875b5fc8d12ef8261ac3d7af821c557af173</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-0731-6329 ; 0000-0003-1191-4265 ; 0000-0002-8749-4554 ; 0000-0003-2642-631X ; 0000-0003-0749-574X ; 0000-0003-2073-6958 ; 0000-0001-6809-139X ; 0000-0003-0568-1485 ; 0000-0002-2709-9616</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Oldenkotte, V. J. S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Witmans, F. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siekman, M. H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Boeij, P. L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sotthewes, K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Castenmiller, C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ackermann, M. D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sturm, J. M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zandvliet, H. J. W.</creatorcontrib><title>Dual modulation STM: Simultaneous high-resolution mapping of the differential conductivity and local tunnel barrier height demonstrated on Au(111)</title><title>Journal of applied physics</title><description>We present a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) technique to simultaneously measure the topography, the local tunnel barrier height (d
I/d
Z), and the differential conductivity (d
I/d
V). We modulate the voltage and tip piezo with small sinusoidal signals that exceed the cut-off frequency of the STM electronics and feed the tunneling current into two lock-in amplifiers (LIAs). We derive and follow a set of criteria for the modulation frequencies to avoid any interference between the LIA measurements. To validate the technique, we measure Friedel oscillations and the subtle tunnel barrier difference between the
h
c
p and
f
c
c stacked regions of the Au(111) herringbone reconstruction. Finally, we show that our method is also applicable to open feedback loop measurements by performing grid
I(
V) spectroscopy.</description><subject>Applied physics</subject><subject>Feedback loops</subject><subject>Lock in amplifiers</subject><subject>Modulation</subject><subject>Scanning tunneling microscopy</subject><issn>0021-8979</issn><issn>1089-7550</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kMtKBDEQRYMoOD4W_kHAjQqtSXrSnXEn4xNGXIyum3RScSLdyZiH4G_4xUbHtasq6h5OwUXoiJJzSpr6gp8TwumU1FtoQomYVS3nZBtNCGG0ErN2tov2YnwjhFJRzybo6zrLAY9e50Em6x1ePj9e4qUd85CkA58jXtnXVRUg-iH_EqNcr617xd7gtAKsrTEQwCVbRMo7nVWyHzZ9Yuk0Hrwq55SdgwH3MgQLAa-gKBPWMHoXU5AJNC7iq3xCKT09QDtGDhEO_-Y-erm9eZ7fV4unu4f51aJSjLNUmSnrQRjoJTE9SDGdCl2zpm2lIY1oec-NEpoyMII1VKpal0QwqjgvC23rfXS88a6Df88QU_fmc3DlZcd4Ldq64YIV6nRDqeBjDGC6dbCjDJ8dJd1P5R3v_iov7NmGjcqm3zr_gb8BnkmDEg</recordid><startdate>20210614</startdate><enddate>20210614</enddate><creator>Oldenkotte, V. J. S.</creator><creator>Witmans, F. J.</creator><creator>Siekman, M. H.</creator><creator>de Boeij, P. L.</creator><creator>Sotthewes, K.</creator><creator>Castenmiller, C.</creator><creator>Ackermann, M. D.</creator><creator>Sturm, J. M.</creator><creator>Zandvliet, H. J. W.</creator><general>American Institute of Physics</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>L7M</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0731-6329</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1191-4265</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8749-4554</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2642-631X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0749-574X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2073-6958</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6809-139X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0568-1485</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2709-9616</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210614</creationdate><title>Dual modulation STM: Simultaneous high-resolution mapping of the differential conductivity and local tunnel barrier height demonstrated on Au(111)</title><author>Oldenkotte, V. J. S. ; Witmans, F. J. ; Siekman, M. H. ; de Boeij, P. L. ; Sotthewes, K. ; Castenmiller, C. ; Ackermann, M. D. ; Sturm, J. M. ; Zandvliet, H. J. W.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c252t-f42be8feba0fbea8448d32677af06875b5fc8d12ef8261ac3d7af821c557af173</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Applied physics</topic><topic>Feedback loops</topic><topic>Lock in amplifiers</topic><topic>Modulation</topic><topic>Scanning tunneling microscopy</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Oldenkotte, V. J. S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Witmans, F. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siekman, M. H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Boeij, P. L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sotthewes, K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Castenmiller, C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ackermann, M. D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sturm, J. M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zandvliet, H. J. W.</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><jtitle>Journal of applied physics</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Oldenkotte, V. J. S.</au><au>Witmans, F. J.</au><au>Siekman, M. H.</au><au>de Boeij, P. L.</au><au>Sotthewes, K.</au><au>Castenmiller, C.</au><au>Ackermann, M. D.</au><au>Sturm, J. M.</au><au>Zandvliet, H. J. W.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Dual modulation STM: Simultaneous high-resolution mapping of the differential conductivity and local tunnel barrier height demonstrated on Au(111)</atitle><jtitle>Journal of applied physics</jtitle><date>2021-06-14</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>129</volume><issue>22</issue><issn>0021-8979</issn><eissn>1089-7550</eissn><coden>JAPIAU</coden><abstract>We present a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) technique to simultaneously measure the topography, the local tunnel barrier height (d
I/d
Z), and the differential conductivity (d
I/d
V). We modulate the voltage and tip piezo with small sinusoidal signals that exceed the cut-off frequency of the STM electronics and feed the tunneling current into two lock-in amplifiers (LIAs). We derive and follow a set of criteria for the modulation frequencies to avoid any interference between the LIA measurements. To validate the technique, we measure Friedel oscillations and the subtle tunnel barrier difference between the
h
c
p and
f
c
c stacked regions of the Au(111) herringbone reconstruction. Finally, we show that our method is also applicable to open feedback loop measurements by performing grid
I(
V) spectroscopy.</abstract><cop>Melville</cop><pub>American Institute of Physics</pub><doi>10.1063/5.0051403</doi><tpages>9</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0731-6329</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1191-4265</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8749-4554</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2642-631X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0749-574X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2073-6958</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6809-139X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0568-1485</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2709-9616</orcidid></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0021-8979 |
| ispartof | Journal of applied physics, 2021-06, Vol.129 (22) |
| issn | 0021-8979 1089-7550 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_scitation_primary_10_1063_5_0051403 |
| source | American Institute of Physics:Jisc Collections:Transitional Journals Agreement 2021-23 (Reading list) |
| subjects | Applied physics Feedback loops Lock in amplifiers Modulation Scanning tunneling microscopy |
| title | Dual modulation STM: Simultaneous high-resolution mapping of the differential conductivity and local tunnel barrier height demonstrated on Au(111) |
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