Toward a robust detection of viscous and turbulent flow regions using unsupervised machine learning

• Published in: Physics of fluids (1994) 2023-02, Vol.35 (2)
• Main Authors: Otmani, Kheir-Eddine, Ntoukas, Gerasimos, Mariño, Oscar A., Ferrer, Esteban
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Circular cylinders; Clustering; Fluid flow; Identification methods; Invariants; Laminar flow; Large eddy simulation; Machine learning; Methodology; Probabilistic models; Sensors; Spectral element method; Tensors; Turbulent boundary layer; Turbulent flow; Unsupervised learning; Wakes
• ISSN: 1070-6631; 1089-7666
• DOI: 10.1063/5.0138626

We propose an invariant feature space for the detection of viscous-dominated and turbulent regions (i.e., boundary layers and wakes). The developed methodology uses the principal invariants of the strain and rotational rate tensors as input to an unsupervised Machine Learning Gaussian mixture model. The selected feature space is independent of the coordinate frame used to generate the processed data, as it relies on the principal invariants of the strain and rotational rate, which are Galilean invariants. This methodology allows us to identify two distinct flow regions: a viscous-dominated, rotational region (a boundary layer and a wake region) and an inviscid, irrotational region (an outer flow region). We have tested the methodology on a laminar and a turbulent (using Large Eddy Simulation) case for flows past a circular cylinder at Re = 40 and Re = 3900 and a laminar flow around an airfoil at Re = 1 × 10 5. The simulations have been conducted using a high-order nodal Discontinuous Galerkin Spectral Element Method. The results obtained are analyzed to show that Gaussian mixture clustering provides an effective identification method of viscous-dominated and rotational regions in the flow. We also include comparisons with traditional sensors to show that the proposed clustering does not depend on the selection of an arbitrary threshold, as required when using traditional sensors.