Utilization of palm kernel shell as cement replacement materials in concrete: A review

Rapid growth and increasing demand for building materials have led to a shortage of key resources for conventional building materials. However, concrete is one of the most important and demanding building materials globally. As a result, the concrete industry consumes large amounts of essential raw...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Biajawi, Mohammad I. Al, Embong, Rahimah, Abdel-Jabar, Haneen, Ahmad, Saffuan Wan, Misbari, Syarifuddin
Format: Conference Proceeding
Language:English
Subjects:
Agricultural wastes
Building materials
Carbon dioxide
Chemical composition
Concrete industry
Construction materials
Energy sources
Hazardous materials
Physical properties
Raw materials
Renewable resources
Sustainable materials
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Summary:Rapid growth and increasing demand for building materials have led to a shortage of key resources for conventional building materials. However, concrete is one of the most important and demanding building materials globally. As a result, the concrete industry consumes large amounts of essential raw materials and emits hazardous chemicals such as carbon dioxide (CO2) into the environment. Consequently, the production of conventional building materials consumes a significant amount of electricity and conventional energy resources and contributes to CO2 emissions. Accordingly, alternative, environmentally sustainable materials should be utilized in the production of concrete to meet the demand for building materials from agricultural waste. Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) is among the agricultural byproducts utilized widely in tropical nations. In order to obtain better sustainability in the concrete industry, research should concentrate on the use of substitute renewable resources such as recycled PKS. This study summarized previous research on the use of PKS as a building material. In this paper the physical properties and chemical compositions of PKS are discussed. A review of previous studies on the incorporation of PKS wastes and their effects on the fresh and strength properties and durability of concrete are described. The prospects for further research on the use of PKS waste in concrete are determined based on this study. Numerous studies have shown that concrete containing PKS waste has superior strengths, and other properties compared to conventional concrete without PKS.
ISSN:0094-243X
1551-7616
DOI:10.1063/5.0193792