Periodontal disease in relation to smoking and the use of Swedish snus: epidemiological studies covering 20 years (1983-2003)

• Published in: Journal of clinical periodontology 2011-09, Vol.38 (9), p.809-816
• Main Authors: Hugoson, Anders, Rolandsson, Margot
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Alveolar Bone Loss - diagnostic imaging; Alveolar Bone Loss - epidemiology; Alveolar Bone Loss - etiology; Analysis of Variance; Biological and medical sciences; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dentistry; epidemiology; Facial bones, jaws, teeth, parodontium: diseases, semeiology; Female; Gingivitis - diagnostic imaging; Gingivitis - epidemiology; Gingivitis - etiology; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Medical sciences; Middle Aged; moist snuff; Non tumoral diseases; Oral hygiene; Otorhinolaryngology. Stomatology; periodontal disease; Periodontal Pocket - diagnostic imaging; Periodontal Pocket - epidemiology; Periodontal Pocket - etiology; periodontitis; Periodontitis - diagnostic imaging; Periodontitis - epidemiology; Periodontitis - etiology; Radiography, Dental; smokeless tobacco; Smoking; Smoking - adverse effects; Smoking - epidemiology; snus; Studies; Surveys and Questionnaires; Sweden - epidemiology; Tobacco; Tobacco, Smokeless - adverse effects; Tobacco, tobacco smoking; Toxicology; Young Adult
• ISSN: 0303-6979; 1600-051X; 1600-051X
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2011.01749.x

Hugoson A, Rolandsson M. Periodontal disease in relation to smoking and the use of Swedish snus: epidemiological studies covering 20 years (1983–2003). J Clin Peridontol 2011; 38: 809–816. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2011.01749.x. Aim: The aim of the present study was to examine how deleterious current smoking and the use of Swedish moist snuff (snus) is for periodontal health compared with non‐tobacco users. Materials and Methods: The studies comprised three epidemiological cross‐sectional studies, in 1983, 1993 and 2003, of stratified random samples aged 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 years. The numbers of dentate participants were 550, 552 and 523, respectively. The participants were examined clinically and radiographically. Diagnostic criteria were the number of teeth, plaque, gingival status, probing pocket depth (PPD)4 mm, height of the alveolar bone level and classification by periodontal disease experience. In addition, participants were asked about their tobacco habits. Results: Multiple logistic regression shows, after adjusting for age, gender and sociodemographic variables, that relative to non‐tobacco users, cigarette smokers had statistically significant less gingivitis, a higher frequency of PPD4 mm and a higher incidence of severe periodontitis. There was no significant association between gingivitis, frequency of PPD4 mm and periodontal disease experience and snus use. Conclusions: Cigarette smokers were found to have a statistically significant higher risk of severe periodontitis than non‐tobacco users and users of snus. Using snus did not seem to be a risk factor for periodontitis.