Physical Limitations of Phased Array Antennas

In this article, the bounds on the Q -factor, a quantity inversely proportional to bandwidth, are derived and investigated for narrowband phased array antennas. Arrays in free space and above a ground plane are considered. The Q -factor bound is determined by solving a minimization problem over th...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation 2021-09, Vol.69 (9), p.5512-5523
Main Authors: Ludvig-Osipov, Andrei, Hannula, Jari-Matti, Naccachian, Patricia, Jonsson, B. L. G.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
<italic xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">Q -factor
Antenna arrays
antenna theory
Antennas
Current density
current distribution
Design factors
Design specifications
Eigenvalues
electromagnetic radiation
Energy storage
Floquet expansions
Form factors
Ground plane
Manganese
Narrowband
Optimization
optimization methods
periodic structures
Phased arrays
Q factor
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Summary:In this article, the bounds on the Q -factor, a quantity inversely proportional to bandwidth, are derived and investigated for narrowband phased array antennas. Arrays in free space and above a ground plane are considered. The Q -factor bound is determined by solving a minimization problem over the electric current density. The support of these current densities is on an element-enclosing region, and the bound holds for lossless antenna elements enclosed in this region. The Q -factor minimization problem is formulated as a quadratically constrained quadratic optimization problem that is solved either by a semidefinite relaxation or an eigenvalue-based method. We illustrate numerically how these bounds can be used to determine tradeoff relations between the Q -factor and other design specifications: element form factor, size, efficiency, scanning capabilities, and polarization purity.
ISSN:0018-926X
1558-2221
1558-2221
DOI:10.1109/TAP.2021.3069485