model of ecological and evolutionary consequences of color polymorphism

• Published in: Ecology (Durham) 2008, Vol.89 (1), p.34-40
• Main Authors: Forsman, A, Ahnesjo, J, Caesar, S, Karlsson, M
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adaptation, Physiological; adaptive polymorphism; Animal and plant ecology; animal ecology; Animal, plant and microbial ecology; Animals; Biological and medical sciences; Biological Evolution; colonizing ability; Color; complex phenotypes; Conservation of Natural Resources; Depopulation; Ecological genetics; Ecological modeling; Ecology; Ecosystem; environmental variability; Evolution; Evolution, Molecular; Evolutionary Biology; Evolutionsbiologi; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; General aspects; genetic polymorphism; Genetic variation; Genetics, Population; Genotype & phenotype; Natural resources; Natural Science; Naturvetenskap; Phenotype; Pigmentation - genetics; Pigmentation - physiology; Polymorphism; Polymorphism, Genetic; Population Dynamics; Population ecology; population genetics; prediction; selection response; Selection, Genetic; simulation models; Speciation; traits
• ISSN: 0012-9658; 1939-9170; 1939-9170
• DOI: 10.1890/07-0572.1

We summarize direct and indirect effects on fitness components of animal color pattern and present a synthesis of theories concerning the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of chromatic multiple niche polymorphisms. Previous endeavors have aimed primarily at identifying conditions that promote the evolution and maintenance of polymorphisms. We consider in a conceptual model also the reciprocal influence of color polymorphism on population processes and propose that polymorphism entails selective advantages that may promote the ecological success of polymorphic species. The model begins with an evolutionary branching event from mono- to polymorphic condition that, under the influence of correlational selection, is predicted to promote the evolution of physical integration of coloration and other traits (cf. multi-trait coevolution and complex phenotypes). We propose that the coexistence within a population of alternative ecomorphs with coadapted gene complexes promotes utilization of diverse environmental resources, population stability and persistence, colonization success, and range expansions, and enhances the evolutionary potential and speciation. Conversely, we predict polymorphic populations to be less vulnerable to environmental change and at lower risk of range contractions and extinctions compared with monomorphic populations. We offer brief suggestions as to how these falsifiable predictions may be tested.